2024 Author: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-17 05:25
The Ionic order is one of the three most ancient Greek orders. Thus, it differs from the Doric, which arose before the Ionic, by greater freedom in the choice of proportions, as well as the absence of parts that would not have been decorated. The architects of ancient Greece loved the Ionic order and considered it "feminine" because of its sophistication and large number of decorations.
The main distinguishing feature of the Ionic architectural order is the specific design of the capital. The capital consists of two symmetrical volutes (a volute is a curl in the form of a spiral with a small circle in the center).
The exact time and place of origin of the Ionic column building is unknown, but it is assumed that this is the middle of the sixth century BC and the northern coast of Asia Minor, respectively. The very first large building to use Ionic columns was the temple on the island of Samos, built by Roikos and dedicated to the goddess Hera. Unfortunately, after some time the temple was destroyed by an earthquake.
And the temple of Artemis of Ephesus, which also has an Ionic order, as you know, was recognized as one of the wonders of the world. However, he did not live up to ourdays.
The Ionic order has two incarnations: Attic and Asia Minor. The Asia Minor version, which does not contain a frieze, is considered to be the original one, while the Attic one is sometimes considered not a separate version, but just a modification, a remake of the Asia Minor one.
A column, according to the principles of building an Ionic order, is divided into three parts: a capital, a trunk and a base. The base, as a rule, rests on a square slab called a plinth. Half-shafts (a convex element of the base is called a half-shaft) are decorated with ornaments and horizontal gutters. Concave bevels are usually left smooth.
As already mentioned, the main distinguishing feature of the Ionic order is two volutes on capitals. From the facade, the volutes are curls, from the sides, the volutes are connected by the so-called balusters, which are very similar to scrolls. If at first the volutes were only in one plane, then they began to be made in all four, which, by the way, saved the Ionic order from criticism, according to which the top of the column should look the same from all sides - this was originally in Doric, but did not immediately appear in Ionic order.
Cutting was usually decorated with ovs (from the Greek and Latin word for "egg"). These are egg-shaped decorative elements, and on the column they alternate with various arrows and leaves. The number of flutes (a flute is a vertical groove on a column shaft) in the Ionic order was constantly changing, but in the endstopped at 24. This value was taken for a reason: such a number of flutes easily made it possible to maintain the proportion of the diameter of the column and the flute, even if the height of the column was overestimated for some reason.
If you see two columns, Ionic and Doric, you will immediately notice that the Ionic order looks more elegant. Its construction is based on the basic rule: the height of the column should be at least eight to nine of its diameters. That's why this type of order is so beautiful.
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