MHK is World artistic culture. MHK: Renaissance

2024 Author: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-17 05:25

It's hard to disagree with how big a role art plays in the history of any period. Judge for yourself: in history lessons at school, after each topic devoted to the study of the political and economic situation in the world in a given time period, students are invited to prepare reports on the art of this era.

Also in the school course since relatively recent times there is such a subject as the MHC. This is absolutely no coincidence, because any work of art is one of the brightest reflections of the time in which it was created, and allows you to look at world history through the eyes of the creator who gave this work life.

Defining culture

World artistic culture, or MHC for short, is a type of social culture based on the figurative and creative reproduction of society and people, as well as animate and inanimate nature through the means used by professional art and folk art culture. Also, these are phenomena and processes of spiritual practical activity that creates, distributes and masters material objects and works of art that possessaesthetic value. World artistic culture includes picturesque, sculptural, architectural heritage and monuments of arts and crafts, as well as all the variety of works created by the people and their individual representatives.

The role of the MHC as an academic subject

In the course of studying the course of world artistic culture, both broad integration and understanding of the relationship of culture, primarily with historical events of any time period, as well as with the social sciences, are provided.

As mentioned earlier, the world's artistic culture covers all the artistic activities that a person has ever been engaged in. These are literature, theater, music, fine arts. All processes related to the creation and storage, as well as the dissemination, creation and evaluation of cultural heritage are studied. The problems associated with ensuring the further cultural life of society and the training of specialists of appropriate qualifications in universities do not remain aloof.

As an academic subject of the MHK, this is an appeal to the entire artistic culture, and not to its individual types.

The concept of a cultural era

A cultural epoch, or a cultural paradigm, is a complex multifactorial phenomenon that contains the image of both a specific person living at a specific time and carrying out their activities, and a community of people with the same way of life, life mood and thinking, value system.

Cultural paradigms succeed each other as a resulta kind of natural and cultural selection through the interaction of traditional and innovative components that art carries. MHC, as a training course, aims to study these processes as well.

What is the Renaissance

One of the most significant periods in the development of culture is the Renaissance, or Renaissance, which dominated in the XIII-XVI centuries. and marked the beginning of the New Age. The sphere of artistic creativity has undergone the greatest influence.

After an era of decline in the Middle Ages, art flourishes and ancient artistic wisdom is reborn. It was at this time and in the meaning of "revival" that the Italian word rinascita is used, later numerous analogues appear in European languages, including the French Renaissance. All artistic creativity, primarily fine arts, becomes a universal "language" that allows you to know the secrets of nature and get closer to it. The master reproduces nature not conditionally, but strives for maximum naturalness, trying to surpass the Almighty. The development of the sense of beauty familiar to us begins, the natural sciences and the knowledge of God all the time find common ground. In the Renaissance, art becomes both a laboratory and a temple.

Periodization

Revival is divided into several time periods. In Italy - the birthplace of the Renaissance - several periods were distinguished, which for a long time were used all over the world. This is the Proto-Renaissance (1260-1320),partly included in the Ducento period (XIII century). In addition, there were periods of Trecento (XIV century), Quattrocento (XV century), Cinquecento (XVI century).

A more general periodization divides the era into the Early Renaissance (XIV-XV centuries). At this time, there is an interaction of new trends with Gothic, which is creatively transformed. Next come the periods of the Middle, or High, and Late Renaissance, in which a special place is given to mannerism, characterized by the crisis of the humanistic culture of the Renaissance.

Also in countries such as France and Holland, the so-called Northern Renaissance is developing, where late Gothic plays a huge role. As the history of the MHC says, the Renaissance was reflected in Eastern Europe: the Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary, as well as in the Scandinavian countries. Spain, Great Britain and Portugal have become countries with an original Renaissance culture that has developed in them.

Philosophical and religious components of the Renaissance

Through the reflections of such representatives of the philosophy of this period as Giordano Bruno, Nicholas of Cusa, Giovanni Pico della Mirandola and Paracelsus, the themes of spiritual creativity, as well as the struggle for the right to call an individual a “second god” and associate a person with him.

Actual, as at all times, the problem of consciousness and personality, faith in God and higher powers. There are both compromise-moderate and heretical views on this issue.

Man is faced with a choice, and the reform of the church of this time impliesThe Renaissance is not only within the framework of the MHC. It is also the revival of human morality, promoted through the speeches of figures of all religious denominations: from the founders of the Reformation to the Jesuits.

The main task of the era. A few words about humanism

Education of a new person is put at the forefront during the Renaissance. The Latin word humanitas, from which the word "humanism" is derived, is the equivalent of the Greek word for "education".

Within the framework of the Renaissance, humanism calls on a person to master the ancient wisdom important for that time and find a way to self-knowledge and self-improvement. Here there is a confluence of all the best that other periods could offer, leaving their mark on the MHC. The Renaissance took the ancient heritage of antiquity, religiosity and the secular code of honor of the Middle Ages, the creative energy and human mind of the New Age, creating a completely new and seemingly perfect type of worldview.

Renaissance in various fields of human artistic activity

During this period, illusory nature-like paintings replace icons, becoming the center of innovation. Landscapes, everyday painting, portrait are actively painted. Printed engraving on metal and wood is spreading. Working sketches of artists become an independent form of creativity. Pictorial illusion is also present in monumental painting.

In architecture, under the influence of the enthusiasm of architects for the idea of the centric, proportional temples, palaces and architecturalensembles emphasizing earthy, centric perspective-organized horizontal lines.

Renaissance literature is characterized by love for Latin as the language of educated people, adjacent to national and folk languages. Such genres as the picaresque novel and urban short story, heroic poems and novels of medieval adventurous and chivalrous themes, satire, pastoral and love lyrics are becoming popular. At the peak of drama's popularity, theaters put on performances with an abundance of city celebrations and magnificent court extravaganzas, which become the product of colorful synthesis of various art forms.

Strict musical polyphony flourishes in music. The complication of compositional techniques, the appearance of the first forms of sonatas, operas, suites, oratorios and overtures. Secular music, close to folklore, becomes on a par with religious music. There is a separation of instrumental music into a separate form, and the pinnacle of the era is the creation of full-fledged solo songs, operas and oratorios. The temple is being replaced by the opera house, which has taken the place of the center of musical culture.

In general, the main breakthrough is that the once medieval anonymity is replaced by individual, authorial creativity. In this regard, the world artistic culture is moving to a fundamentally new level.

Renaissance Titans

No wonder that such a fundamental revival of art actually from the ashes could not take place without those people who created a new culture with their creations. They were later called "titans" for the contributions they made.

Protorenaissancepersonified Giotto, and during the Quattrocento period, the constructively strict Masaccio and the sincerely lyrical works of Botticelli and Angelico opposed each other.

The Middle, or High, Renaissance was represented by Raphael, Michelangelo and, of course, Leonardo da Vinci - artists who became iconic at the turn of the New Age.

Famous architects of the Renaissance were Bramante, Brunelleschi and Palladio. Brueghel the Elder, Bosch and Van Eyck are painters of the Dutch Renaissance. Holbein the Younger, Durer, Cranach the Elder became the founders of the German Renaissance.

The literature of this period remembers the names of such "titan" masters as Shakespeare, Petrarch, Cervantes, Rabelais, who gave the world lyrics, novel and drama, and also contributed to the formation of the literary languages of their countries.

Undoubtedly, the Renaissance contributed to the development of many trends in art and gave impetus to the creation of new ones. It is not known what the history of world artistic culture would be like if this period did not exist. Perhaps classical art today would not cause such admiration, most of the trends in literature, music and painting would not exist at all. Or maybe everything with which we are accustomed to associate classical art would have appeared, but many years or even centuries later. Whatever the course of events, history does not tolerate the subjunctive mood. And only one thing is clear: even today we admire the works of this era, and this once again proves its importance in the cultural life of society.