Vanguard in architecture: history, description of style, photo

2024 Author: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-17 05:25

Burning of bridges and rejection of the past, a new look at the new time, a shocking defiant beast with a screaming voice - all this is the avant-garde in architecture.

After the 1917 revolution, the artistic life of the country was rapidly changing: young innovative artists set themselves the goal of creating a new art that meets the requirements of modernity. They designed a new life, tried to change their environment. First of all, this was expressed in the most striking phenomenon - architecture.

Manufacturing Arts

Many artists and architects in the late 20s of the twentieth century studied the experience of Malevich and Tatlin as an example to follow. Young creators experimented in creating abstract geometric forms, this is especially noticeable in avant-garde architecture. Many innovative artists have completely abandoned the easel production of all kinds ofworks: easel paintings, graphics and, of course, buildings. In the twentieth century, the so-called industrial art is created, which is called the avant-garde in architecture. The direction exists to this day.

New current

Production art - an artistic movement in the culture of the USSR in the 20s. The participants in the movement set the task: to influence industrial production with the help of the avant-garde in architecture. They believed that the creation of furniture, clothing and buildings of a new type would help form a new person and a new society.

Until now, the art of the Russian avant-garde is very popular and known throughout the world, and Malevich and Kandinsky are unique icons of art. It was they who came up with a completely new artistic language, which was not before in the world. It was thanks to them that it became possible to breathe new life into the culture.

Vanguard in architecture

During the period of the victorious march of the new current, about 500 objects were built throughout Russia, about a hundred of them in Petrograd (at that time still in Leningrad). This city was not chosen by chance, as it is an example of classical traditions in architecture.

The state of many buildings today is depressing, almost all require repair, as they suffered an unenviable fate: the famous Kirov House of Culture, which was built according to all the laws of the architecture of the Leningrad avant-garde, is a monument that in the modern world is an ordinary business house that is rented out. The premises are rented out to everyone, the list of tenant enterprises is very diverse: here you can find a billiard club, cafeterias, shops, and even tire shops.

Commercial establishments are located inside the Federal listed building - it even sounds paradoxical.

The emergence of the term "avant-garde"

Today, looking back at the past of the 20th century, our contemporaries can state in a businesslike manner that art somehow moved towards this direction, that the appearance of the Russian avant-garde in architecture was inevitable. However, it should be understood that the arrival of such a trend in the world of art for the world community was like a piano falling on your head - a sonorous and very heavy piano …

In 1885, the French critic Théodore Duret first used the word "avant-garde" in art criticism. The term originally came from the military. "Vanguard" in French means "vanguard". These are precisely the military forces that are moving towards the enemy in order to reconnoiter the situation and prevent an attack.

Initially, the word did not take root in art: it so happened that the avant-garde artists never called themselves that and were even against this word. The term began to be used later, in the 50s of the 20th century, with the light hand of the French critic Michel, Russian art of the early 20th century began to be called avant-garde. The name quickly took root, despite the fact that the creators of the new direction were against it.

Avant-garde style in architecture

Today this conceptunited completely different areas, not only related to the structure of buildings, but also to painting, literature, and cinematography. They are so different that one contradicts the other. Almost everything that was created at the beginning of the 20th century is sometimes called avant-garde, the direction is often confused with modernity, but this is fundamentally wrong.

Everything that unites the architecture of the era of the avant-garde, to one degree or another postulates the rejection of traditionalism and dogmatism. The daring style defies classical canons, rejects traditional social cultural values as if nothing happened before a certain artist.

Late Current

Constructivism is the extreme stage of the avant-garde of the late 20s of the twentieth century, when this realistic art arose. Beginning in 1932, almost all artistic groups were abolished and liquidated, all except socialist realism. The avant-garde in the architecture of the 20th century, or rather, its later manifestation, lasted less than 12 years.

In fact, constructivism in architecture appeared much earlier: striking examples - the Eiffel Tower in Paris and the Crystal Palace in London's Hyde Park. The first draft of a Russian constructivist building belongs to Vladimir Tatlin, one of the leaders of the Russian avant-garde.

In 1920, he was going to build a monument to the Third International in Petrograd - a building in the form of a tower that would surpass the creation of Eiffel by a third.

Style Feature

The main principleconstructivism became the primary role of the functionality of the building, it was she who determined its appearance. The followers of constructivism launched an active activity in various fields of artistic creativity: photography, fine and decorative arts.

The main feature of the style was the opposition to the luxurious life of the bourgeoisie with simplicity and practicality. This is especially noticeable in the architecture of the south of Russia of the avant-garde era. If we talk about other industries, then the latest objective forms and non-objective composition are still preserved in the collection of the Yekaterinburg Museum.

Constructivism is one of the avant-garde trends in Russian and world architecture. He left a noticeable mark on the appearance of European cities in the 20-30s of the last century. The architecture of the south of Russia of the avant-garde era created a new society, formed new interests and values, for example, DK - Houses of Culture. A place where Soviet citizens spent whole days at leisure.

Vanguard Ban

The fact is that in 1932 the government issued a decree on the creation of creative Unions of artists, writers, composers and architects on the aesthetic basis of socialist realism, that is, since 1932, any avant-garde forms have actually ceased to exist. In Soviet art at the time of the ban on innovation, many museums in the country turned out to have a large number of works made in the original style. This happened for one reason: in the period from 1918 to 1922, the Soviet government, supporting the new art,officially bought the works of innovative artists and distributed them to the museums of the country.

In the 40-50s of the twentieth century, after a change in cultural policy, orders began to come from Moscow to write off works created by avant-garde artists. The further fate of the collections depended on the loy alty of museum workers, some of them hid the works in order to preserve them for future generations. So, for example, did the Yekaterinburg Museum of Fine Arts. But someone strictly followed the order and destroyed the work. The surviving paintings were banned for many years and were not exhibited, even artists and art historians did not know about them until perestroika, when the avant-garde came out of hiding and took its rightful place in the history of world art of the 20th century.

Modernism

Under the avant-garde one should understand the artist's complete rejection of traditional aesthetics, the destruction of familiar forms and the creation of new ones. Avant-garde is abstract, has little in common with naturalness and nature.

Carelessness is a new art, where not the form is important, but the content. Modernism, which is often confused with the avant-garde, transforms, improves and complements, that is, modernizes an already established concept. He does not seek to break the connection with the canons, but only gives a new rethinking. Modernism preceded the avant-garde, was an aesthetic rebellion within art, while the avant-garde was a current that went against the artistic tradition itself.

Modernism rethinks, and the avant-garde seeks to create a masterpiece from scratch.

Where the avant-garde was born is unknown, but the roots of thisprogressive currents spread throughout the world. By the way, many art historians single out Russian art of the early 20th century as the starting point for the emergence of this movement.