Television: the history of creation and development. History of television in Russia

2024 Author: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-17 05:25

It's hard for us to imagine our life without television. Even if we don't watch it, it is still an essential part of our culture. Meanwhile, this invention is just over 100 years old. Television, the history of the emergence and development of which fits into such a short period by the standards of history, has radically changed our communication, attitude to information, our states and culture.

Invention

The history of the invention of television lasts almost 100 years. Unlike radio, which was discovered at the same time by two people in different parts of the world, television is a complex, phased creation of technology. Each country has its own version of the history of the discovery of television, which emphasizes the participation of their scientists in this process. This is explained by the fact that the technology was created by entire teams in the form of solving individual technical problems. In order not to go into technical details, we will name the main engineers involvedto this event.

At the origins is Willoughby Smith, who invented the photoelectric effect in selenium. The next stage of the discovery is associated with the name of the Russian scientist Boris Rosing, who patented the electrical method for transmitting images. P. Nipkov, D. Byrd, J. Jenkins, I. Adamyan, L. Theremin also contributed to the discovery. They independently create transmitters for broadcasting images in different countries. The next round of technology development is associated with the advent of electronic television. M. Dickman and G. Glage registered the creation of a tube for transmitting images. But the first patent for the technology, which is still used in televisions today, was received by Boris Rosing in 1907. Further, a whole galaxy of scientists worked on improving the technology. And in 1931, engineer V. Zworykin created an iconoscope, which is considered the first television. Based on this invention, F. Farnsworth creates a kinescope. So the history of the creation of television briefly looks like.

Working principles

In 1928, with the beginning of regular broadcasting, the real story of the emergence of television begins. Ulysses Sanabria was the first to use radio waves to transmit images and sound. The principle of operation of television is a special projection of the image on a photosensitive plate in a cathode ray tube. For a long time the history of television was associated with the improvement of this tube, which led to an increase in the quality of the picture and to an increase in the screen surface. But with the advent of digital broadcasting, the principle has changed, now a kinescope withthe beam tube was no longer needed. It uses a completely different way of transmitting an image. It is encoded and transmitted using digital channels and Internet systems.

Types of TV

The long history of the development of television has led to the formation of its numerous types. First, it is divided into black and white and color. Until 1950, all televisions showed only black and white pictures. Two color television standards: NTSC and SECAM are still in effect all over the world. Also, television can be divided into paid and free. Each country has a set of channels that any TV owner can watch. But there are also channels whose signal can be seen only for money. Forms of payment may be different, but the share of such television is steadily holding on to the figure of 30% of the entire market.

According to the method of signal transmission, television can be divided into:

• terrestrial, in this case the TV receiver receives a signal from a television tower, this is the most familiar and common way of broadcasting;
• cable, in this case the signal comes from the transmitter via a cable connected to the TV;
• satellite - the signal is transmitted from the satellite and is picked up by a special antenna that transmits the image to a special set-top box connected to the TV;
• Internet TV, in this case the signal is transmitted via the Network.

According to the method of encoding information, television is divided into analog and digital. The second is higherquality with the latest coding and transmission standards.

TV Features

Television has long been an important social phenomenon, it has many significant functions. Due to its vast reach, accessibility and persuasiveness, television is an essential medium of communication. It is television that is an effective tool for disseminating information among the majority of the population.

Thus, the history of television can be briefly described by the word "informing". The second most important function is the formation of public opinion, it is not in vain that politicians and advertising are so eager to get on TV, it is this channel that allows you to convince a person of the correctness of a particular point of view and influence his behavior. Television also performs a cultural and educational function. It broadcasts cultural norms and values, spreads socially approved standards, it transfers knowledge to a person, forms criteria for evaluating events and phenomena. Television is also able to perform an integrative function, as it can unite people into certain communities. Like all media, television performs an educational function: it talks about what is good and evil, sets moral standards and values. And, of course, television performs an entertaining function, it helps a person to relax, enjoy watching a TV show.

Types of TV programs

The whole history of television is a way of searching for new formats of television programs. Channels are fighting for the viewer and therefore are forced to create more and more new varieties. Modern television content can be divided into the following types:

• Entertainment programs. For many people, television is the main means of leisure, so the channels try to offer a variety of entertainment programs for different groups of viewers.
• Information programs. The history of the appearance of television is connected primarily with the need to disseminate information, and until now, many people turn on the TV in order to find out the news and get additional information about phenomena and facts.
• Infotainment programs. The combination of two important functions allows to interest a larger number of viewers, and therefore the producers are trying to combine the two formats in one type of program.
• Educational programs. These programs are aimed at deepening and expanding knowledge on any issues. They provide viewers with useful information, allow them to learn something new and expand their horizons.
• Socially activating programs. This content is aimed at mobilizing viewers, involving them in any socially significant activity, such as elections.

The emergence and development of television broadcasting in the world

In 1928, the first television station began its work. Ulysses Sanabria first began to transmit images and sound over frequenciesyour radio station. But to start regular broadcasting was not possible because of the Great Depression. The mass history of television with regular broadcasting begins in 1934 in Germany. For the first time in history, the German broadcaster RRG broadcast from the Berlin Olympics on a TV channel. In 1936 regular broadcasting was established in Great Britain. A little later, TV companies appeared in the USA and the USSR.

In 1950, the United States for the first time introduced a new standard for color television, almost instantly this trend was picked up in all developed countries. In 1967, Europe and the USSR introduced their own color television standard. A television culture is gradually being formed, a system of genres is being worked out, program archives are being created, professional TV journalists and presenters are appearing. In the second half of the 20th century, television became mass, it existed in almost every home on Earth.

The history of television development can be briefly described as the pursuit of world domination. Television has always competed with cinema, theater, mass spectacles, but in the end it has occupied its niche in modern culture, neither winning nor losing the competition.

The arrival of television in Russia

The history of the development of television in Russia begins with a delay compared to other developed countries. This was prevented by the Second World War, which set other, more urgent, tasks for the state. Regular broadcasting begins in 1931 when a medium wave broadcaster is launched. At first, only 30 mechanical TVs accept it, later Russian masters beginmake homemade receivers. In 1933, the production of set-top boxes for the B-2 radio receiver began to receive the domestic television signal. In 1949, serial production of domestic KVN televisions began. In 1951, the Central Television of the USSR State Radio and Television was created. In 1959, experiments were carried out to launch color broadcasting. In 1965, the USSR launches the first satellite, which allows broadcasting a television signal throughout the country.

Soviet television

The mass history of television in Russia begins in 1951, when the central studio begins to operate. The Soviet government took the creation of the television company with all seriousness, realizing its enormous potential for influencing the minds of the country's population. Therefore, the government approached the organization of the work of the studio thoroughly, several thematic editions were opened in it: socio-political, for children and youth, musical, literary and dramatic. A year later, the Leningrad Television Studio appeared. Both television studios are subordinate to the USSR Ministry of Culture.

Until 1965, broadcasting was conducted only in Moscow and Leningrad. In the second half of the 50s, television studios appeared in many regions, they filmed stories for the central studio. At the end of the 60s, broadcasting began to spread to the European territory, and since 1965 - to the whole country. Gradually, new editions appear: Latest News, First Program, Moscow Program, Educational Program, etc. Time is expandingbroadcasting, new channels appear over time. There is a division by numbers, on the first digit the Central Studio broadcasts, on the second there are local programs. In the early 1980s, republican television studios appeared. Central television starts to launch several duplicates for different regions.

New Russian Television

With perestroika, approaches to the work of television are changing, it becomes possible to organize independent television companies. The history of the creation of a new format television begins with the emergence of the VID television company. It is organized by young journalists V. Listiev, A. Lyubimov, A. Razbash, D. Zakharov. The broadcaster begins to create various products and sells them to new broadcasters. In 1989, the corporatization of existing television studios began, new organizations appeared: Ostankino, VGTRK, Petersburg - Channel 5. The main frequencies are distributed between them, small TV companies begin to shoot various programs for them. In 1996, the rapid growth of new television companies of various sizes begins, from large ones, such as NTV and Ren-TV, to the smallest, urban level. This diversity leads to the fact that many different types of programs appear on the air: from political to entertainment. The number of television professionals is growing in the country, television is becoming an economically profitable field of activity.

Since 2006, a clear division into state and commercial television begins, between which there is an intense competition for the viewer. Today there are about 3,200 television companies operating in Russia,who create a product for all groups of viewers.

Commercial television in Russia

The history of Russian television repeats the history of the whole country. Therefore, when the USSR collapsed and a state emerged with new economic and political principles, television was also forced to change. Thus, commercial television appears, which, in addition to the functions listed above, pursues the goal of extracting economic profit. The commercialization of television leads to the emergence of advertising, which is the source of finance. A pay TV segment is also emerging, which includes cable, satellite and Internet TV.

In Russia, this process is extremely slow, most of the population is not ready to pay for a television product, and commercial channels cannot offer much unique content that would compete with free television. An additional difficulty in the development of pay television was brought by the Internet, where Russians can get almost any information for free. However, one can see that Russians are gradually getting used to services such as cable and satellite TV, which brings a large number of channels into the house for a small amount.

With great difficulty, but purely commercial television is being formed, which exists only through the sale of its television product. Such an example is, for example, the independent television company Dozhd, which exists by selling subscriptions to its channel and attracts viewers with unique author's programs. The history of the creation of television onpay based in the West has a much more successful history. In Russia, however, so far commercial television is trying to exist at the expense of advertisers, attracting a large number of viewers on a free basis.

Digital TV

The whole history of television is connected with the development of technological progress. It affects the change in image transmission technology and causes the emergence of new types of television. So, with the advent of digital technologies, the corresponding television appears. There are several options for digital signal transmission: cable, satellite and terrestrial. The latest technologies allow television receivers with a special decoder to receive on a par with analog and digital signals. Digital technology allows you to quickly broadcast high-definition images over any distance. Depending on the type of encoding, there are several world standards: European, Japanese and American. The main advantages of digital television over analog television are as follows:

• reducing signal interference;
• increasing transmitted programs in one frequency band;
• improving the quality of the transmitted image and sound;
• the possibility of interactive interaction with the viewer, he can choose the time of viewing, review programs, order certain content;
• the ability to transmit additional information, except for television programs.

Today, the world is rapidly replacing analog transmitters with digital ones. Russia has also adopted a replacement programanalogue broadcasting to digital, already today all the main channels transmit two types of signals, but the number of analogue channels will gradually decrease. Over time, when all viewers replace the television sets in their homes with modern ones, analog television will disappear.

Modern trends in the development of television in the world

With the development of the Internet, the history of the development of television is changing its vector. Today, every major TV company creates an electronic version of the channel, where you can watch TV shows, leave comments, and make some requests. Television is changing the model of interaction with viewers, now channels are constantly striving to involve viewers in communication. And obviously, this trend will only continue to grow. Viewers already have the opportunity to leave comments, vote, ask questions to the heroes of the programs. Apparently, in the near future the broadcasting grid will lose its relevance, each viewer will form his own grid on request. The modern viewer is becoming more and more a consumer, and his interests will continue to determine the form of presenting information on television. The trend of integrating television with electronic media will apparently only grow. The TV will become not only a receiver of TV content, but also a multifunctional device.

Prospects for the development of television in Russia

The modern history of domestic television is moving in the same direction as the global one. In 2004, for the first time in Russia, access was made to the fiber-optic method of transmitting a television signal. Thus opened a new era of Internet television. Todaybroadcasters are under strong pressure from the electronic media, which attract viewers, especially younger ones. Therefore, it is obvious that the history of television in Russia will develop in competition and cooperation with the Internet. Today, 99% of households are covered by television, but there is a trend of abandoning televisions, especially in young families in the capital region. Apparently, the existing variety of TV companies will slightly decrease due to those that have migrated to the Internet, the specialization of companies will increase, and the division into broadcasting and producing companies will become more intense.