Biography of Bulgakov Mikhail Afanasyevich. Literary heritage of the writer

2024 Author: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-17 05:25

Bulgakov Mikhail Afanasyevich needs no introduction. This great prose writer and playwright is known throughout the world. The biography of Bulgakov Mikhail Afanasyevich is presented in this article.

The origin of the writer

Bulgakov M. A. was born on May 3, 1891 in the city of Kyiv. His parents were intellectuals. Mother worked as a teacher in the Karachaev gymnasium. Father was a teacher (his portrait is presented above). After graduating from the Kyiv Theological Academy, he worked in it, as well as in other educational institutions. In 1893, Afanasy Bulgakov became the Kyiv regional censor. His duties included censoring works written in foreign languages. In addition to Mikhail, the family had five more children.

Training period, work in field hospitals

Should be considered in great detail by such an author as Bulgakov Mikhail Afanasyevich, biography. A table of dates associated with his life will be of little help to those who set out to find the origins of his work and understand the features of hisinner world. Therefore, we invite you to read a detailed biography.

The future writer studied at the First Alexander Gymnasium. The level of education in this educational institution was very high. In 1909, Mikhail Afanasyevich entered the Kyiv University, after which he was supposed to become a physician. In 1914 the First World War began.

After graduating from the university in 1916, Mikhail Afanasyevich worked in field hospitals (in Kamenetz-Podolsk, and after some time in Cherepovtsy). He was recalled from the front in September 1916. Bulgakov became the head of the Nikolskaya rural hospital, located in the Smolensk province. A year later, in 1917, Mikhail Afanasyevich was transferred to Vyazma. In the "Notes of a Young Doctor" created in 1926, this period of his life was reflected. The main character of the work is a talented doctor, a conscientious worker. In seemingly hopeless situations, he saves the sick. The hero is acutely experiencing the difficult financial situation of uneducated peasants living in Smolensk villages. However, he realizes that he cannot change anything.

Revolution in the fate of Bulgakov

Mikhail Afanasyevich's habitual life was disrupted by the February Revolution. Bulgakov expressed his attitude towards her in his 1923 essay "Kyiv-Gorod". He noted that "suddenly and menacingly" with the revolution, "history began."

At the end of the October Revolution, Bulgakov was released from military service. He returned to his native Kyiv, which, toUnfortunately, the Germans soon occupied it. Here Mikhail Afanasyevich plunged into the maelstrom of the Civil War. Bulgakov was a very good doctor, so both sides needed his services. The young doctor in all situations remained true to the ideals of humanism. Gradually, indignation grew in his soul. He could not come to terms with the cruelty of the Whites and Petliurists. Subsequently, these sentiments were reflected in Bulgakov's novel "The White Guard", as well as in his stories "On the Night of the Third Number", "The Raid" and in the plays "Running" and "Days of the Turbins".

Bulgakov honestly fulfilled the duty of a doctor. During his service, he had to be an involuntary witness to the crimes that were committed at the end of 1919 in Vladikavkaz. Mikhail Afanasyevich did not want to participate in the war anymore. He left Denikin's army at the beginning of 1920

First articles and stories

After that, Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov decided not to practice medicine anymore. His brief biography continues as a journalist. He began writing articles that were published in local newspapers. Bulgakov completed his first story in the autumn of 1919. In the same winter, he created several feuilletons, a number of stories. In one of them, called "Tribute of Admiration", Mikhail Afanasyevich tells about the street clashes that took place in Kyiv during the revolution and the Civil War.

Plays created in Vladikavkaz

Shortly before the whites left Vladikavkaz, Mikhail Afanasyevich fell ill with relapsing feverBulgakov. A brief biography of his this time is especially dramatic. In the spring of 1920 he recovered. However, detachments of the Red Army had already entered the city, and Bulgakov could not emigrate, which he really wanted. It was necessary to somehow build relations with the new regime. Then he began to cooperate with the Revolutionary Committee, in the sub-department of arts. Mikhail Afanasyevich created plays for Ingush and Ossetian troupes. These works reflected his views on the revolution. These were a one-day agitation, written mainly with the aim of surviving in difficult conditions. Bulgakov's story "Notes on the Cuffs" reflects his Vladikavkaz impressions.

Moving to Moscow, new works

In Tiflis, and then in Batumi, Mikhail Bulgakov could emigrate. His biography, however, went the other way. Bulgakov understood that the place of a writer in a difficult time for the country is next to the people. The biography of Bulgakov Mikhail Afanasyevich in 1921 was marked by moving to Moscow. Since the spring of 1922, his articles have been regularly printed on the pages of magazines and newspapers of this city. Essays and satirical pamphlets reflected the main signs of life in the post-revolutionary years. The main object of Bulgakov's satire was "the scum of the NEP" (in other words, the nouveau riche Nepmen). Here it is necessary to note such short stories by Mikhail Afanasyevich as "The Cup of Life" and "Trillionaire". He was also interested in representatives of the population with a low level of culture: bazaar traders, residents of Moscow communal apartments, bureaucratic employees, etc. However, Mikhail Afanasyevich also noticed new phenomena in the life of the country. So, in one of his essays, hedepicted a symbol of new trends in the face of a schoolboy who walks down the street with a brand new satchel.

The story "Fatal Eggs" and features of creativity in the 1920s

The story "Fatal Eggs" by Bulgakov was published in 1924. Its action takes place in an imaginary near future - in 1928. By this time, the results of the NEP were already obvious. In particular, the standard of living of the population has risen sharply (in the story, which was created by Mikhail Bulgakov). The biography of the writer does not imply a detailed acquaintance with his work, but we will nevertheless retell the plot of the work "Fatal Eggs" in a nutshell. Professor Persikov made an important discovery that could be of great benefit to all mankind. However, falling into the hands of self-confident, semi-literate people, representatives of the new bureaucracy that flourished under war communism, and strengthened its position during the NEP years, this discovery turns into a tragedy. Almost all the characters in Bulgakov's stories written in the 1920s fail. In his work, the writer seeks to convey to the reader the idea that society is not ready to learn new ways of relationships that are based on respect for knowledge and culture, for hard work.

"Running" and "Turbin Days"

In Bulgakov's plays "Running" and "Days of the Turbins" (1925-28), Mikhail Afanasyevich showed that all the authorities that succeeded each other during the Civil War were hostile to the intelligentsia. The heroes of these works are typical representatives of the so-called "new intelligentsia". Firstthey were either wary of the revolution or fought against it. M. A. Bulgakov also attributed himself to this new layer. He told about this with humor in his feuilleton called "The Capital in a Notebook". In it, he noted that a new intelligentsia, the "iron" intelligentsia, had appeared. She is capable of chopping firewood, loading furniture, and doing x-rays. Bulgakov noted that he believes that she will survive and not disappear.

Attacks on Bulgakov, Stalin's call

It must be said that Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov (his biography and work confirm this) has always been sensitive to changes in Soviet society. He experienced the triumph of injustice very hard, doubted the justification of certain measures. However, Bulgakov always believed in man. Together with him, his heroes experienced and doubted. Critics took it unfavorably. Attacks on Bulgakov intensified in 1929. All his plays were excluded from the theater repertoires. Finding himself in a difficult situation, Mikhail Afanasyevich was forced to write a letter to the government with a request to go abroad. After that, the biography of Bulgakov Mikhail Afanasyevich was marked by an important event. In 1930, Bulgakov received a call from Stalin himself. The result of this conversation was the appointment of Mikhail Afanasyevich to the position of assistant director at the Moscow Art Theater. Again, performances of his plays appeared on the stages of theaters. Some time later, such a writer as Bulgakov MikhailAfanasyevich, biography. His life seemed to be getting better. However, things were not so easy…

Bulgakov is a banned author

Despite Stalin's external patronage, not a single work by Mikhail Afanasyevich appeared in the Soviet press after 1927, with the exception of an excerpt from the play "Running" ("The Seventh Dream") in 1932 and the translation of Molière's "The Miser" in 1938. The fact is that Bulgakov was included in the list of banned authors.

What else is remarkable about the biography of Bulgakov Mikhail Afanasyevich? It is not easy to talk about him briefly, because his life is marked by many important events and interesting facts. It is worth saying that, despite all the difficulties, the writer did not think of leaving his homeland. Even in the most difficult period (1929-30), he practically did not have thoughts about emigration. In one of his letters, Bulgakov admitted that he was impossible anywhere else, except for the USSR, since he had been drawing inspiration from it for eleven years.

The Master and Margarita novel

Mikhail Afanasyevich in 1933 tried to publish his work "The Life of Monsieur de Molière" in the "ZhZL" series. However, he failed again. After that, he made no further attempts to publish his creations until his death. The writer devoted himself entirely to the creation of the novel "The Master and Margarita". This work was his greatest achievement, as well as one of the best works of Russian and world literature of the 20th century. Mikhail Afanasyevich gave twelve years of his life to work on it. The idea of "Masters andMargarita "appeared with him back in the late 1920s as an attempt at a philosophical and artistic understanding of socialist reality. The author considered the first versions of the work unsuccessful. For a number of years, Mikhail Afanasyevich constantly returned to the characters, tried on new conflicts and scenes. Only in 1932 did he acquire a plot completeness is a work whose author is known to everyone (Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov).

Full biography of Bulgakov involves consideration of the question of the significance of his work. So let's talk about it.

The meaning of Bulgakov's work

Having shown that the white movement is doomed to defeat, that the intelligentsia will certainly go over to the side of the reds (the novel "The White Guard", the plays "Running" and "Days of the Turbins"), that society is in danger if a culturally and morally backward person will have the right to impose his will on others ("Heart of a Dog"), Mikhail Afanasyevich made a discovery that became part of the system of national values of our country.

What else is interesting for Bulgakov Mikhail Afanasyevich? Biography, interesting facts related to him, and his work - everything bears the stamp of pain for a person. This feeling was invariably characteristic of Bulgakov as a successor to the traditions of Russian and world literature. Mikhail Afanasyevich accepted only that literature that shows the suffering of real heroes. Humanism was the ideological core of Bulgakov's works. And the true humanism of a true master is close andalways dear to the reader.

Last years of life

In the last years of his life, Mikhail Afanasyevich did not leave the feeling that his creative destiny was ruined. Despite the fact that he continued to actively create, Bulgakov's works practically did not reach contemporary readers. This broke Mikhail Afanasyevich. His illness worsened, leading to an early death. Bulgakov died in Moscow on March 10, 1940. This ended the biography of Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov, but his work is immortal. The remains of the writer rest at the Novodevichy cemetery.

The biography of Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov, summarized in this article, we hope, made you want to get to know his work better. The works of this author are very interesting and important, so they are definitely worth reading. Mikhail Bulgakov, whose biography and work are studied at school, is one of the greatest Russian writers.