2024 Author: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-17 05:25
Russian classicism, which is a style of architecture that became widespread in Russia in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, combined elements of different styles in one work, while maintaining the dynamics and plasticity of rococo and baroque. Later, classical residential buildings and manor palaces began to appear, which later became models for the construction of various country estates and buildings in Russian cities.
The following architects of classicism are known: Starov I. E., Kazakov M. F., Blank K. I., Bazhenov V. I., Kokorinov A. F., Rinaldi A. and others. Their creations constitute one of the important chapters in the history of Russian architecture and a living artistic heritage that continues to exist as museum treasures, as well as elements of modern cities.
Before buildings were to be erected, Russian classicism assumed the creation of so-called analogues of design drawings, this made it possible to accurately masterthis style according to the drawings. Engravings were copied and sent to Russian cities. So, all the buildings on them were distinguished by the clarity of the compositional technique, the fine drawing of details, the harmony of proportions and the conciseness of volumes. The premises were combined into functional groups, the side wings connected the passages, which formed the front courtyard. During the construction, red brick was used, as well as white stone; columns with entablature were erected, smooth walls with cut openings, facades with large relief, lancet arches, portals of entrances, etc. were erected.
Thus, Russian classicism had the following principles:
1. The building was built in the form of a parallelepiped, and was supposed to have three floors.
2. The residential facility should include a central building connected to two outbuildings by direct galleries.
3. The central building should be marked with a portico.
4. The boundaries of the facade are presented in the form of simple angles, the cavities were not decorated with anything, the windows were constructed as rectangular, the openings in which were not framed.
5. The only decoration of the building should be a portico of a huge order (for the entire height of the structure).
6. Columns moved away from walls for passage.
It can be said that Russian classicism has reflections of Byzantine and Old Russian cultures, along with the Baroque. The following buildings can serve as an example: Pashkov's house, Tsarskoye Selo, Peterhof, Winter Palace, Moscow Senate and others.
This architectural style reached its peak during the construction of St. Petersburg. So, A. Leblon developed a city plan, according to which he had an oval star-shaped structure. Today, the main compositional basis of St. Petersburg is presented in the form of a trident.
Thus, the new architectural style that arose in Russia and became widespread in its territory in the eighteenth century was used primarily for the construction of Russian cities. Describes in more detail the origin of the style of G. V. Moskvichev ("Russian Classicism". Textbook for students of pedagogical institutes). The book tells about great architects and their unique creations.
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