2024 Author: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-17 05:25
For a better understanding of what book vocabulary is, let's remember that in linguistics there are two important concepts - language and speech, which should be distinguished from each other. Language is a system of signs and rules by which these signs are used. It is constant at every time stage and inherent in any individual. In everyday communication, a person is faced with a specific manifestation and functioning of a given language in the process of communication, that is, with speech.
Speech can be oral or written. The latter imposes particularly strict requirements on a person, because the only means of transmitting information in writing are words. Unlike the real situation of oral communication, the writer cannot help himself with gestures, facial expressions, intonation, and the reader cannot ask again about what he misunderstood. Hence the well-known proverb: “What is written with a pen cannot be cut down with an axe.” At the same time, to create oral utterances, a person has great opportunities for choosing and organizing language means appropriately.
All the words of a language make up its vocabulary. Since people use language for different purposes (communicating with friends, colleagues and loved ones; creating literary works; writing scientific articles anddissertations; formulation of bills and much more), it is clear that the means used for these purposes must be different. Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov was the first to draw attention to this. It was he who pioneered the development of the "theory of 3 calms", describing them as "high", "medium" and "low".
The basis of the language is stylistically neutral vocabulary (house, table, spoon, rag, kind, blue, walk, run, walk, in, if, etc.). “Low” vocabulary today is commonly called colloquial (train, stupid, have a bite, oh, yeah) and “colloquial” (moron, fall in love, foul and others up to profanity).
Book vocabulary is the words that Lomonosov referred to as "high calm". Modern linguists, along with the colloquial style, distinguish 4 main book styles: journalistic, official business, scientific and fiction style. All of them are characterized by the use, along with neutral, stylistically colored vocabulary.
- Bookish vocabulary of journalistic style (special terminology: chronicle, correspondent, format, news portal, news agency, opposition, genocide, confessions; evaluative vocabulary: avant-garde, anti-colonial, upscale, fail).
- Vocabulary of official business style (clericalisms: subscriber, client, bank account, due, applicant, cassation; official words: due to fault, regarding, because; terminology - widely used and highly specialized: attache, ratification, protocol, charge).
- Bookscientific style vocabulary (terms of different types: differentiation, argument, alkali, interference, square root, phonology; abstract and common book vocabulary: hesitation, comparison, location; abbreviations: VNIIGMI, CAD; symbols: CuS, PbO; "production" words: adjustment, grind, rolling).
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book vocabulary examples High artistic style vocabulary (poeticisms: subsoil, flaming, ambrosia, lofty, bed, listen; archaisms and historicisms: brow, cheeks, hand, see, spoken; folk poetic vocabulary: kruchinushka, sorrow to grieve, dear friend, walk).
Bookish vocabulary, examples of which are given above, can also be used in oral statements, but in this case, the interlocutors are aware of such words and expressions as foreign, used for a specific purpose, for example, comic (“Read this manuscript!”, “Dismiss!”, “What an apartheid!”, “Well, my dear friend!”).
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