Dynamic shades: definition, types and description, features

2024 Author: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Last modified: 2024-01-17 12:35

Two polar states of loudness are even included in the name of the piano. Forte is loud. Piano is quiet. The term is due to the technology of this instrument: the strings are struck by a hammer, and the strength of the performance due to it can vary. And the levels of its change are dynamic shades. Their types and features are reflected below.

First varieties

Their appearance is associated with different eras in the development of art. With the advent of the first piano, the corresponding definitions (forte and piano) also arose. Later, the number of dynamic shades began to increase.

Each species has an Italian name and has a letter abbreviation and translation into Russian. For example, fortissimo is abbreviated as ff. And in the translation it is interpreted - very loudly.

During the Renaissance, there were 6 shades. 3 are already presented above (forte - f, piano - p, fortissimo). The other three are:

1. Mezzo forte. Briefly - mf. Russian interpretation - not very loud.
2. Pianissimo. Abbreviation - pp. Translated means very quiet performance.
3. Mezzo piano. Abbreviation - mp. In Russian -not very quiet.

Further development

During the Romantic era (1790-1910), there were few existing dynamic nuances in music for composers. So big expansions started: from ppppp to fffff.

Scientists tried to measure shades in physical quantities. The results are only indicative. So, N. A. Garbuzov, in the study of the zonal origin of dynamic hearing, came to the following conclusion: the width of the section of all dynamic shades reaches approximately 10 dB.

Today, the maximum parameter of the musical range is 40 dB. The hue labels show some volume intervals, but not gradual rises and falls in dynamics.

Modern Ratios

Introduced designations mp, mf and p make it possible to diversify the performance of the piece. When a musician sees the presence of the symbol mp in musical notations, he plays a certain passage of the work a little louder. If there is an mf sign, then the game is quieter. With "p" - even quieter.

Today, computer technology makes it possible to record sound using these notations. Each program allows you to customize them. And each name of a dynamic shade in the modern world is usually correlated with decibels (dB). Moreover, the analysis takes place in two dimensions:

1. Backgrounds - logarithmic volume parameters. This is a physical study.
2. Sonakh - its subjective units. This is the psychological perception of sound.

Shades	Background (dB)	Sleep (1 dream=40 dB)
fff	100	88
ff	90	38
f	80	17, 1
p	50	2, 2
pp	40	0, 98
ppp	30	0, 36

Extreme levels

Supplementing their works with the symbols f and p, composers denoted an increase in the limits of sound power.

These are quite rare cases. Their examples are:

1. "Sixth Symphony" by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. In it, the creator used the musical dynamic shades of pppppp and ffff.
2. The Fourth Symphony by Dmitry Dmitrievich Shostakovich. Here fffff applies.
3. "Sixth Sonata" by Galina Ivanovna Ustvolskaya. The work uses 6 fortes (ffffff) and the "expressive" technique, which speaks of the ultimate expression in the composition.

Smooth changes

They are designated by three terms:

• forks;
• "crescendo" (cresc. - amplification);
• "diminuendo" (dim. - decrease).

The third concept has a synonym - "dicrescendo" (decresc.). Forks are indicated by a pair of lines that are connected on one side and diverge fromanother. When they diverge from right to left, the volume weakens.

The following component of musical notation indicates a moderately strong beginning, followed by an increase and decrease. Forks write under or over the camp. In the second case, they usually do it when recording a vocal part.

As a rule, they indicate short-term dynamic shades. cresc designations. and dim. talk about their longer duration. These signs can be supplemented with the following inscriptions:

• poco (a little bit);
• poco a poco (little by little);
• subito or sub. (unexpected).

Sforzando concept

This is an unexpected and harsh accent. Its short accepted notation is sf or sfz. There is also a related definition, rinforzando (rinf or rfz). It is triggered when several sounds or a short phrase are suddenly amplified. In some cases, fp may be written first in the note book, and then sfp. The first means a loud game and immediately quiet. The second indicates the presence of the sforzando and the piano coming after it.

Exploring Shades

Basic music theory is taught in the elementary grades of any children's music school. Students are taught how to perform pieces correctly in order to feel the whole line of the entire composition.

For children, dynamic shades in music are first presented in the form of two bases: forte and piano. Students use them in special exercises and simple works. Bythe degree of accumulation of knowledge increases and becomes more complicated and the practical part. Material with different dynamic shades is being worked out.

Teachers recommend that children thoroughly learn theory. But at first they allow you to use a memo that reflects all the shades and principles of the game in accordance with them. In total, three tables are formed by volume:

• stable;
• with partial and complete changes.

Sound stable:

Tint	Interpretation of loudness
ff	Ultimate
f	High
mf	Average
mp	Medium Quiet
p	Quiet
pp	Very quiet

With changes:

Tint	Interpretation of action
crescendo	Boost
poco a poco crescendo	Smooth Gain
diminuendo	Volume down
poco a poco diminuendo	Fade out
smorzando	Fade

Full change:

Tint	Volume
più forte	Increasing
meno forte	Decreasing
sforzando (sf)	Sounds hit hard

The learning process explores how loudness and tempo interact. Works of various musical genres are analyzed. Students must independently identify certain musical dynamic shades in them.

As a rule, each genre has its own specifics. For example, a march has a clear high volume. In the romance, it is smaller, while the tempo is slow or medium. Here, these figures often gradually increase.

Frequent variation in dynamic shading and tempo is found in many classical pieces, as well as extended and extended compositions in rock music. Examples:

1. Fifth movement of the "Fifth Symphony" (L. Beethoven).
2. Ride of the Valkyries (Richard Wagner).
3. "Playing with fire" (gr. "Aria").
4. Sign of the cross (Iron Maiden).

In such works there may be a gradual development of volume and tempo. Then they reach certain limits. The composition can calm down and develop again, but in a different way. To perform such creations, the highest skill of musicians is required.