Types of dish painting: Gzhel, Gorodets, Zhostovo, Khokhloma. Art painting

2024 Author: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-17 05:25

Since ancient times, people have paid attention to the beauty of nature. The desire to decorate your primitive life and make it cozy led to the fact that they began to decorate the dwelling with various natural elements. It was the skin of an animal underfoot, drawings on the wall, colored stones, shining metal, and much more. Centuries later, plates, spoons, bowls began to be painted. Each region has its own types of painting dishes.

Types of styles

The art of decorating one's own homes arose almost simultaneously with the development of people's culture and has its own distinctive features characteristic of individual areas:

• Khokhloma painting;
• Gorodets;
• Zhostovo;
• Gzhel.

The imagination of our ancestors knew no bounds, but the differences in the drawings are still obvious. Each area has a peculiar ornament and handwriting.

The emergence of Khokhloma painting

Near the old Trans-Volga forestsnear the river Uzola there are Russian villages - Khryashchi, Kuligino, Semino, Novopokrovskoye, Khokhloma. The dishes, painted with various gilded patterns, originate from here.

Unfortunately, it is not possible to accurately establish the beginning of the appearance of Khokhloma painting. After all, all the dishes were made of wood, wore out quickly, were thrown away or thrown into the oven, like an ordinary log.

Products of the 19th century have survived to our time. But, judging by historical papers, the craft originated in the 17th century.

The unique technique of Khokhloma - painting with black paint and cinnabar is performed on a gold base - found in ancient Russian art.

Features of Khokhloma painting

The craftsmen have their own secret of how to "get rich" kitchen utensils. A simple way to cover dishes with gold has survived to our times:

• the dishes were thoroughly rubbed with tin powder;
• coated with drying oil;
• heated in an oven;
• under the influence of high temperature, the drying oil turned yellow, tin was visible through it, the effect of gold was obtained.

It is believed that this way of painting dishes belongs to the Old Believers. Previously, in remote villages there were many fugitives who suffered persecution for the "old faith". Among them were icon painters and book miniatures.

Khokhloma Patterns

Inexpensive household dishes can be recognized immediately. It was made with special stamps from a raincoat mushroom or a felt piece of fabric, the patterns turned out to be elementary, but did not lose their beauty. These products show numerousdiamonds, spirals and leaves.

More expensive dishes were painted more skillfully. The compositions were created with a brush by hand. There is much more work here. Masters drew:

• berries (raspberries, strawberries, rowan);
• fantastic birds;
• flowers (cornflowers, clover, violets).

This is how painted spoons, plates, mugs and more were created.

The main colors characteristic of Khokhloma painting are red (cinnabar) and black (soot). But to make the drawing come to life and blossom, brown, green, blue, orange and yellow shades were added to the products.

Types of painting

Gradually Khokhloma products became souvenir gifts or decoration, and not cheap.

There are main types of dish painting:

1. "Horse" - the main composition - kriul - is superimposed on a silvery background. Further, droplets, antennae, curls are added to it in red and black.
2. "Under the background" - at first the silhouette of the ornament appears, and the background is filled with black paint.

There can be various types of ornaments on the dishes:

• "Grass" - the emphasis is on drawing small and large blades of grass.
• "Gingerbread" - inside the masterpiece is a drawn geometric figure. It can be a rhombus, a square, a circle. It is painted with berries, flowers and grass.
• "Kudrina" - a pattern is applied on a red or black base in the form of golden leaves and flowers in the manner of curls.

Khokhloma is an amazing work of art, despite the dark colors, it radiates warmth andjoy.

History of Zhostovo painting

Another well-known type of dish painting is Zhostovo painting. It is famous for the fact that for almost two centuries they decorate one thing - this is a tray. The village of Zhostovo is located in the Mytishchensky district near Moscow.

In the 18th century in the Urals, where the metallurgical plants of the Demidovs were built (Nizhny Tagil, Verkh-Neyvinsk, Nevyansk), a craft arose - painted metal trays.

The birth of such a craft near Moscow was caused by some important factors:

• The Russian serf master Khudoyarov discovered a recipe for "crystal" lacquer, it did not crack on copper, wood and iron.
• Beginning of production in St. Petersburg of an unusual shape of trays with interesting patterns.
• Opening of the workshops of F. N. Vishnyakov in Zhostovo in the 1820s. Painted papier-mâché items were produced here: trays, caskets, snuffboxes, boxes, stamp boxes.

Products were made in villages near Moscow - Troitsky, Novoseltsevo, Ostashkov. Only in the village of Zhostovo there were 22 workshops. The objects were very beautiful. They depicted landscapes, winter troikas of horses, summer walks, tea parties at the table. But, unfortunately, these gizmos turned out to be fragile and impractical.

The appearance of Zhostovo iron trays

Osip, the son of Philip Vishnyakov, decided not to make papier-mâché anymore, but took up the production of iron trays. As the demand for trays increased. They were used both for interior decoration and for their intended purpose. Zhostovo trays were seen indrinking establishments, the famous tea houses of Moscow, taverns, hotels and merchant houses. Collections of Spanish and British kings can boast of having Zhostovo trays.

Demand creates supply, and in 1960 the Zhostovo painting factory was founded.

Secrets of craftsmanship

Watching the long and painstaking process, you can see how the craftsmen still follow the old technique.

• Painting. The basis of the future pattern. Sketches of the future drawing are made on the prepared plane with diluted paint.
• Tanezhka. Colored shadows are applied with translucent paints. A visible volume of flowers is created and shadow areas of plants appear.
• Gasket color. This is the most important stage of the Zhostovo layer-by-layer painting. The appearance of the bouquet is formed, the whole composition is lightened or darkened, important small details are determined.
• Glitter. Thanks to this action, volume and light appear, the combination of features and mood are well conveyed.
• Drawing. The final part of the image. The artist manually applies small but significant details.
• Binding. The bouquet, as it were, spreads under the background of the product. Thin stalks and tendrils appear magically in a single whole and merge with the background.
• Cleaning the edges of the tray. The side of the tray is decorated with all sorts of patterns. Without it, the work will seem unfinished.
• Mirror shine. With the help of chalk powder, rub the tray with palms to a shine, then rubparaffin, this product shines even more.

Zhostovo trays have existed for many years, but none of them is alike.

Features of painting

The background is usually black, in rare cases red, blue or green. The artist paints several trays at once.

The main focus is a flower bouquet, in which small wild flowers and large garden flowers are alternately drawn.

Patterns are drawn with gold powder diluted in clear lacquer or turpentine or gulfabra - white paint mixed with lacquer, sprinkled with aluminum powder.

By value, trays are divided into two groups: for interior decoration and for domestic purposes.

Gorodets painting

Refers to one of the Russian types of dish painting. Gorodets painting originates in the 19th century near the city of Gorodets in the Nizhnegorsky Trans-Volga region, on the left bank of the Volga. This is an ancient Russian city-fortress. It all started with spinning wheels, which featured a bottom and a comb.

Carriages, ladies, horsemen, soldiers, dogs - all this adorned the bottom of the spinning wheels. The figurines were cut out of wood of a different species and inserted into the appropriate hole.

Gorodets painting was formed for 50 years. Children's wheelchairs, chairs, boxes were painted. The peak of the development of the fishery came in 1990.

Painting motifs

The most common elements of Gorodets painting are flowers and animals. From such images breathes comfort and peace.

Painted spoons, furniture and dishes in Gorodets joyful style refreshed and enlivened the interior.

Flower painting is the simplest. There are several types of ornament:

• "Bouquet" - applied symmetrically, present mainly on dishes or cutting boards.
• "Garland" - one or two flowers are located in the center, smaller flowers and leaves spread from them in all directions. Breadbaskets, dishes, boxes are painted with this pattern.
• "Rhombus" - a type of garland. There is a flower or several in the center, and the leaves and buds decrease as they approach the tops of the rhombus. And they are located on the imaginary edges of the figure. Chests, benches, cabinets were decorated with such images.
• "Flower stripe" - left over from the time of spinning wheels. This is a repeating ribbon pattern of flowers of the same size, diluted with leaves. Decorate bulky items.
• "Wreath" - looks like a "flower strip". The difference is that it closes around the edges of the lid or dish.

In the flower painting there are images of a bird and a horse. Usually they are drawn inside a flower garland. Elements of Gorodets painting have found their place in large items: panels, sleighs, dishes and boxes.

Images can be very different: dashing riders, scenes with tea drinking, beautiful birds, cute girls with dogs, exotic lions and leopards. Most often there is a proud horse or a warlike rooster.

Method of execution

The technique of artistic painting is different in that it is performed directly onwood base. The base is primed in different colors - bright blue, rich green, deep red.

An object is painted with a brush without a preliminary sketch. The artist changes the pressure of the brush: either with a broad stroke, or with the tip, drawing another masterpiece.

History of Gzhel

One of the ancient pottery districts includes about 30 villages. It is called Gzhel. It is located near Moscow near the river Gzhelka. The richest deposits of clay have been discovered in these places.

Gzhel is mentioned for the first time in written documents dating back to 1339. It was a profitable volost and was the property of princes and kings.

In the 18th century, Gzhel became the Russian center for making majolica. A century later, Gzhel began to produce semi-faience, painted with cob alt and covered with transparent glaze. Closer to the 20th century, Gzhel craftsmen create masterpieces of fine faience and porcelain, decorating it with floral and geometric patterns.

The theme of the picture

Gzhel painted ware reflects the events taking place in urban and rural life, as well as natural phenomena. The drawings are divided into three main groups:

• Vegetable. Here, all vegetation has a stylized appearance with basic features. You can see berries, blades of grass, cuttings, flowers and leaves.
• Ornamental patterns. Original and stylized drawings that show the artist's association and self-expression. It is performed with ornamental nets - "antennae", "blades of grass", "droplets", "combs" and "pearls".
• Story painting. These are sleigh rides, fairs and seasons.

Gzhel is a whole stylistic trend, not just patterns. Used in the production of ceramics, in the design of clothing and interiors.

This is how Gzhel masterpieces miraculously arise, “like fabulous birds”, and fly around the globe. Therefore, the blue bird in Gzhel is a brand of modern painting.

The main features of the painting:

• surface glazing;
• cold white background;
• ornament in blue and blue tones;
• intricate or folk style pattern;
• only handmade.

Each hand-painted product is a work of art. All drawings are unique.

Gzhel art painting

Gzhel technique requires certain skills. The master starts painting any thing immediately after firing. One of the paintings in the Gzhel style is called majolica, it is signed with the “five-flower”. A drawing was applied to the white enamel, which is the basis.

Colors for painting used to be taken from s alts:

• green - copper s alt;
• yellow - antimony s alt;
• cherry-manganese;
• blue - cob alt.

Soon this technique was abandoned and a cob alt-blue pattern on a snow-white base began to be made. Drawing a picture required talent, a spatula, a brush, a jar of cob alt oxide. It is cob alt that gives such a wonderful shade of blue, but only after firing the painted dishes, and the paint itself is black.

First, the product is painted, then it is dipped in glaze and placed in the oven for drying. The last stage of firing is carried out at a temperature of 1400 degrees. The glaze turns into a thin, translucent film, covering the blue design.

Thanks to the atmosphere of folk non-academic art, the purity and originality of patterns, the Gzhel blue bird was honored to be the emblem of the Gzhel porcelain factory.

In the age of technology and change, it seems there is no place for cute painted things, and you can admire them only in museums. But to this day, workshops operate in the Russian state that have preserved the long traditions of artistic painting, and continue to delight the eyes of people who are not indifferent to such art.