2024 Author: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-17 05:25
No phenomenon or event occurs in isolation, in a vacuum. No word is used "by itself" - without reference to others. Context is a term of Latin origin (Latin contextus). It denotes relationships, connections, environment.
It is difficult to find a sphere where this phenomenon would not find application, where it would be insignificant. A word in the context can acquire a variety of meanings, shades of meaning - up to the opposite (for example, if it was used with irony or sarcasm). In language, as in interpersonal communication, the interpretation of a passage of text, speech or expression depends on what was said (meant) before and after. For example, for the word "sea" the direct context is a large amount of water, but when we say "sandy sea", we mean the desert. The lexeme is used here as a metaphor. The meaning of the word "sea" here is perceived as a synonym for "a huge amount", "something immense".
In the field of verbal communication, ignoring the "environment", atmosphere, situation of conversation can lead not only tomisunderstandings, but also conflicts. In addition, the cultural context is extremely important in this area. This is often a decisive factor that can completely distort the course of the conversation and further events. For example, in France, when greeting, kisses on the cheek will be completely normal, even among unfamiliar people. And in Japan or the UK, such a gesture would be perceived as unnatural, too intimate.
In linguistics, when studying human communication, we mainly talk about phraseological context (the meaning of phrases and idioms), as well as situational. In the case of the latter, factors such as time, space, sphere are important: business negotiations, lectures, family conversations, television debates, as well as events preceding communication. Also significant are the participants in the communication process and the roles that they are assigned, for example: mentor, friend, lover. The situational context is also the goals, plans, intentions and knowledge of the interlocutors. It is not always obvious, but the underlying "currents", such as the thoughts and feelings of an opponent, are extremely important for understanding the essence of the whole. For example, in a discussion about the fate of prisoners, people who have experience of prison or arrest and those who have been a victim of a crime will behave completely differently.
Other sciences use this word to express connections (sometimes quite distant) of certain events or phenomena. The context in literature can be historical, artistic, ideological. No work exists outside of time and space. Of course, the degree of accuracy in the transfer of realities is completely different, depending on the genre and genre.
However, both in poetry and in prose, the atmosphere of time, values, and ideology is present. Bunin's "Dark Alleys" reproduce not only pre-revolutionary Russia, but also the life of the Parisian emigration. And in Tolstoy's "War and Peace" the cultural and historical context is the tenth to twenties of the nineteenth century. Surrounded by certain concepts, allusions (a hint at some fact or object that is not directly named), words acquire a new meaning. Symbolism can be interpreted only in the macro context - that is, on the scale of the entire work, the full work of the writer, era, direction. Certain phenomena can be perceived in their entirety only in connection with the biography of the author or his ideology. For example, the Voronezh context is a place of exile for Osip Mandelstam, and it is not by chance that the associative series associated with this city reminds of something gloomy, harsh: "Voronezh is a raven, a knife." Only knowing the life path of the poet, we can decipher these symbols. Any word in the context can activate its figurative or peripheral meaning.
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