The years of Pushkin's life. The main dates of the biography and work of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin

2024 Author: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-17 05:25

The article will focus on the great figure of the golden age of Russian literature - A. S. Pushkin (date of birth - June 6, 1799). The life and work of this remarkable poet, even today, do not cease to interest educated people.

Main dates of Pushkin's biography A. S.:

• 1799-1837 - years of the poet's life;
• 1799-1811 – childhood and adolescence;
• 1811-1817 – years of study;
• 1817-1820 - life period in St. Petersburg;
• 1820-1822 - a trip to the Crimea and the Caucasus;
• 1824-1825 - link to Mikhailovskoye.

Origin and childhood

Pushkin's date of birth according to the new style, as mentioned above, is June 6, 1799. The great poet was born in Moscow, in the Lefortovo region. According to Pushkin's genealogy, his father, Sergei Lvovich, belonged to an impoverished noble family. The poet's mother, Hannibal Nadezhda Osipovna, whose roots lead to hot Ethiopia, was the granddaughter of Abram Hannibal, the son of an Abyssinian prince, captured and taken to Constantinople, where he was ransomed and presented to Peter the Great. In Russia, he was baptized, and the spiritual fatherPeter I himself became. Having received an education, he rose to the rank of general-in-chief.

Pushkin cherished and was proud of his pedigree. Parents, carried away by secular life, did not pay due attention to their children, and there were three of them in the family. French tutors were engaged in the development of children, which is why little Sasha received a good knowledge of the French language. He spent his early childhood in the village of Zakharovo near Moscow, with his grandmother. Nadezhda Osipovna devoted a lot of time to her grandson Alexander, with whom she read and spelled. In the village, the young genius was taken care of by the nanny Arina Rodionovna, who instilled in her pupil a love for folk art. Subsequently, he will dedicate a message to her, in which he will express reverent love and care. From an early age, Alexander joined the Russian poetry. Creative evenings, which often took place in the parental home, favorably contributed to the early development of Pushkin's writing.

Study in Tsarskoye Selo

In 1811, a twelve-year-old young man Alexander, at the insistence of his uncle, the then famous poet Vasily Lvovich Pushkin, entered the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, where children of the highest noble rank were supposed to study. The exact sciences were difficult for the future poet, academic performance was below average. While at the Lyceum, the young man discovered his talent for poetry for the first time.

The poetic gift was recognized not only by fellow lyceum students, including Ivan Pushchin, Wilhelm Kuchelbecker, but also well-known in the literary worldDerzhavin, Zhukovsky, Karamzin. His first verse "To a friend of a poet" is published in the journal "Bulletin of Europe", at the same time, young Alexander is enrolled in the ranks of the union of poets of the new generation "Arzamas".

Youth in St. Petersburg

In these years of Pushkin's life, his formation as a poet takes place. In 1817, having completed his studies, Pushkin took up the duties of state secretary at the Collegium of Foreign Affairs of St. Petersburg. But unlike his fellow students, he prefers creativity instead of service. In the period from 1818 to 1820, Alexander Sergeevich leads a stormy social life: he visits theaters, restaurants, and actively participates in the literary meetings of the Arzamas society. It was during this period that he finished writing a fairy tale in the form of the poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila". The communication of the “son of the Fatherland” with the Decembrists does not pass without a trace, as a result of which political poems are born one after another: “On Arakcheev”, “To Chaadaev”, “Liberty”, “Village”. His loy alty to the rebels causes dissatisfaction with the authorities, he is listed as not a trustworthy citizen.

Journey south

The fruits of creation, in which the poet shows the ideas of independence, freedom of thoughts and views, national upsurge, make him famous in political circles. The famous ode “Liberty” written by him has a colossal success. Interest in Pushkin's work is growing. This leads to the fact that Emperor Alexander I expresses his intention to send Alexander Sergeevich to Siberia. And only the high authority and diligence of Karamzin and Zhukovsky save him from a terrible fate. Late spring 1820Alexander Sergeevich is removed from Moscow, making out an official transfer to the south. Life in the south begins with relaxation. Together with the family of the hero Raevsky, he goes to the North Caucasus, and from there to the Crimea, where he lives in Gurzuf for several weeks.

Life on the Black Sea coast among vineyards inspires the poet to the next stage of creativity and deep reflection. In September of this year, he goes to Chisinau, where he becomes a member of the Masonic Lodge. During his exile, he inscribed several outstanding works: “The Fountain of Bakhchisaray”, “Gavriliada”, “Prisoner of the Caucasus”, “Prisoner”, “Song of the Prophetic Oleg” and many other poems. The spring of 1823 was the beginning of work on the poetic novel "Eugene Onegin", in the same year the poet was transferred to serve in Odessa under the guidance of Count Vorontsov. A year later, Alexander Sergeevich, at the request of Vorontsov himself, with whom he did not have a very good relationship, was removed from service. In July 1823, the dismissed Pushkin from Odessa was sent to real exile, under strict paternal supervision, in the village of Mikhailovskoye, Pskov province.

Link to Mikhailovskoye

These years of Pushkin's life were very difficult. The days of the poet's stay in the village of Mikhailovsky after a quarrel and the departure of his parents pass in complete seclusion, under surveillance by officials. And only communication with the old nanny and the neighbors of the nearby estate, the Osipov-Wulf family, brightened up his life. In this difficult time for the poet, he continues to write, resigned to his fate, and returns to the begun “Eugene Onegin”. To himmanages to write many poems and poems, among which: "Boris Godunov" On Alexander I", "Count Nulin", "Davydov", "On Vorontsov".

The Decembrist rebellion of 1825 becomes a turning point in the life of the poet. In September 1826 he was called for an audience with the Tsar. Nicholas I, who took the throne after Alexander I, by his decree gives Pushkin complete freedom in choosing a place of residence and takes him under his protection, thereby appointing himself the only censor of the poet. With the beginning of the power of Nicholas I, national fame came to Alexander Pushkin, from now on he is an all-Russian celebrity for the public elite. Pushkin's work is directed to the history of the Russian state, to the image of Tsar Peter the Great. He will write "Stans", "Poltava", begins to work on the work "Arap of Peter the Great".

Matchmaking

Released from exile, Pushkin lives in two capitals. In the spring of 1828, at one of the social balls, he met the charming Natalya Goncharova. Having made her an offer and received no answer, the poet, without the consent of the authorities, leaves for the Caucasus, where, meanwhile, there is a war with Turkey. This journey makes an indelible impression on him, which he conveys in the poetic compositions "Caucasus" and "Collapse", as well as in the essays "Journey to Arzrum". Upon returning to the northern capital, the emperor is reprimanded by the emperor for unauthorized travel and permanent supervision is established, which will last until his death. In 1830, Pushkin again wooed Natalya Nikolaevna Goncharova, andhis offer was accepted.

The first Boldin autumn

After the engagement, Pushkin leaves for his father's family estate in Boldino to resolve the issue of inheritance. In the neighboring village of Kistenevo, the father gave his son 200 souls of serfs in the form of initial family capital. The outbreak of the cholera epidemic led to a long quarantine, entry into Moscow was prohibited, and Alexander Pushkin was forced to stay in Boldino for three months.

This is the time of the year for the poet will be the peak of his work. During this time, he will write a number of unique works: "The Tale of the Priest and His Worker Balda", "Little Tragedies", "Belkin's Tales", "Demons", "Elegy", "Farewell" and numerous other poems.

Marriage

In February 1831, the long-awaited wedding with Natalia Goncharova took place in Moscow. Due to financial difficulties, the poet and his wife moved to St. Petersburg. Due to lack of funds, the Pushkin family rents a dacha in Tsarskoe Selo, where he continues to work hard. The poet is finishing writing the novel "Eugene Onegin", which he began to create 8 years ago.

In the summer of 1831, Alexander Pushkin followed the events in Poland with particular excitement. The defeat of the uprising by the Russian troops will be sung by him in the most great-power verses of our poetry: “In front of the tomb of the saint …”, “To the slanderers of Russia”, “Borodino anniversary”. The wife, Natalia Nikolaevna, is far from political storms, she leads a secular lifestyle, walks a lot, gets acquainted with her husband's St. Petersburg friends, the Empress is crazy about her. Endowed with natural beauty, Natalie has many admirers not only among the gentlemen of the court, but also among dignitaries.

Trip to the Volga and Urals

In 1833, Pushkin became seriously interested in the Pugachev revolt, he studied the list of sources about Pugachev, fussed about access to archival materials, about suppressing the popular revolt. To fully restore the picture, the poet sets off on a journey through the Volga and Urals to personally visit the places of those events and hear stories about the leader of the Peasant War - Emelyan Pugachev.

Returning from a trip in the fall of 1933, the poet turns to his native estate, in Boldino. He eagerly begins to write great works: "The Story of Pugachev", "The Bronze Horseman", "The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs", "The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish". Pushkin creates the poem "Autumn", begins to work on the story "The Queen of Spades".

Chamber Juncker

On the eve of 1834, the emperor grants Alexander Pushkin a court title. He becomes a chamber junker at the court of imperial majesty. The poet himself considers this title offensive for his age. Moreover, he understands that this is not a merit of himself, but of the beauty of his wife Natalia. His meager financial situation prevented him from seeking resignation, as Pushkin's family was growing, the maintenance of four children required the necessary expenses, the salary was small, the published books did not bring large profits, and only the emperor's permission to publish new editions could improve his meager condition.

The Sovremennik magazine founded by him, which publishes the works of N. V. Gogol, A. I. Turgenev, V. A. Zhukovsky, P. A. Vyazemsky, does not bring commercial success. Alexander Sergeevich takes a loan from the government for the publication of Pugachev's History, hoping to get a large income from the sale of the circulation. Unfortunately, only half of the printed edition was sold. Pushkin is not only left without a fee for his enormous work, but also finds himself in debt.

Duel and death of the poet

The last years of Pushkin's life were not easy. Lack of money, slander, a series of intrigues that affect the honor of his wife and himself, lead the poet to anger. The last straw was the receipt by mail of the “order of the cuckold”, which meant the betrayal of his wife with Georges Dantes, a lieutenant of the cavalry regiment. Due to his unrestrained and scandalous character, he cannot swallow insults and stands up for the honor and dignity of his family. Alexander Pushkin provokes an opponent to a duel. His friend and second Konstantin Danzas is trying to stop him.

The date of Pushkin's duel was set for January 27, 1837 near the Black River. The duel was held without the right of the first shot, so Dantes was ahead of the poet and wounded him in the stomach. The date of Pushkin's duel became fatal for him. Despite the mortal wound, Pushkin continues the duel. Dantes was wounded by the second shot, but the wound was not serious, and nothing threatened his life. What can not be said about Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, whose date of death was inexorably approaching. His,Bleeding, they are taken home, where doctors fought for his life for two days. But January 29, 1837 becomes the tragic date of Pushkin's death. The body is transported without special ceremonies to the Pskov province. Where is Alexander Pushkin buried? At the cemetery of the Svyatogorsky Monastery.

The tragic death of the poet was an irreparable loss not only for Russia, but for all mankind. The talent of Alexander Pushkin (years of life - 1799-1837) and his contribution to Russian literature is invaluable. His works have become outstanding achievements of education throughout the world.