2024 Author: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-17 05:25
"Well, you and Plyushkin!" - we say to the miser who collects all kinds of unnecessary things just for the sake of hoarding. Or: “Here is a donkey,” about a stupid and stubborn person. When we see a soaring dove in the picture, we understand that we are talking about purity and loftiness of spirit, Judas - about betrayal, a woman with a blindfold and scales in her hand - about impartiality and justice. And we do not even think about the fact that in speech and consciousness we appeal to such a concept as allegory. This is when something abstract and abstract is transmitted in the form of a specific image, artistic or literary. After all, we learned from the Bible that Judas betrayed Christ and forever became an image of deceit and treason, we learned from fairy tales that a fox is cunning, a hare is cowardice, and so on.
Translated from Greek allegoria (allegory) is an allegory. We can write "Pharmacy", or we can depict a bowl with a snake, and in both cases everyone will understand what is behind this door, but the first solution is straightforward, and the second is allegorical.
For the first time this concept was given in the treatises of Cicero and Pseudo-Longinus, dedicated to the art of the orator. In the Middle Ages, it was believed that allegory is one of the meanings that any artistic or literary work must certainly have. It was also supposed to have literal, moral and educational meanings.
Allegory in literature was used very widely and at a much later time. For example, Gogol's novel "Dead Souls" is full of allegorical characters: Plyushkin, Korobochka, Sobakevich, Nozdrev - each of them is the clearest example of some kind of human vice or, say, an impartial character trait: stinginess, idleness, depravity, etc.
There are entire genres that are mainly based on the allegorical nature of the images used: fable, fairy tale, parable. Wake up any fifth grade student at night and ask: “What is Krylov’s fable“The Crow and the Fox ? Well, in the morning, after rubbing his eyes well, he will tell you about S altykov-Shchedrin with his "Wise Minnow", and about Gorky's bird market: the stupid Penguin, the brave Falcon, the Petrel, like black lightning. If a young child is found somewhere nearby, they can also be subjected to a quiz: "Bear?" - "Strength, clumsiness, innocence!" - "Wolf?" - "Anger, bloodthirstiness, stupidity!" - "Fox?" - "Cunning, deceit, treachery!" - "Well done! Hold the candy!”
So even small children know very well what an allegory is. This is comprehended literally from the first books, puppet shows, old cartoons.
What other form of art, besides literature, is characterized by the use of such a technique as allegory? Painting, of course, sculpture, graphics, other genres of fine art, both classical and modern.
A good example here is the sculpture "The Bronze Horseman" in St. Petersburg. On the crest of a wave, Tsar Peter rises on a hot horse, stepping on a snake with his hoof. A wave is a natural element that had to be overcome in order to build a city (the swampy banks of the Neva River), a snake is obstacles and difficulties that awaited the reformer at every step, a horse is Russia, excited by the innovations and ideas of its ruler.
In painting, many great artists turned to allegorical images: Raphael, Botticelli, Titian, Rubens and many others.
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