Types of drawings and painting: art materials

2024 Author: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-17 05:25

Drawing and painting are two directions in fine arts. Each has its own characteristics: techniques, performance technique and materials and tools used. The types of drawing and painting, the quality and accuracy of the image, as well as its aesthetic properties depend on what art materials the artist uses.

Drawing and painting: what's the difference?

Drawing is a type of graphics, which is a black-and-white or color image on paper, cardboard, made by hand. This concept includes both a simple drawing or sketch, and complex paintings using perspective. For drawing use materials such as:

• plain graphite pencils;
• colored pencils;
• felt pens;
• ink, ink (applied to paper with pens or pens);
• sanguine;
• coal.

Drawing, unlike painting, has a wider application. The figure below shows graphs of functions of the form y. This presentation of educational material helps students and pupils to better understand complex mathematical equations and their practical application.

Pencil drawing

One of the most used tools in fine art is the simplepencil. They are inexpensive. No special handling skills are required. By hardness, they are divided into 3 types: soft (M, M2 or B, B2), medium hard (TM or BH) and hard (T, T2 or H, H2). With a pencil, you can create all kinds of drawing: from a sketch to a photographic image.

How to use such a tool correctly? Gennady Lee, in his book Fundamentals of Academic Drawing, advises novice artists to use the softest (M2) pencil. This teaches you to take responsibility for work and act more carefully. They learn to draw lines and strokes with a light movement, barely touching the surface of the paper. A soft graphite trace is easier to erase with an eraser or a nag (soft eraser). Even slight pressure makes the lines darker and thicker. Professionals can achieve the desired balance of tones using the hardest (T2) pencil.

Pencil technique

Particular importance when working with pencils is given to the execution technique - hatching. Contours are applied not with long lines, but with short strokes. Also hatching darken areas on a sheet of paper. It should convey not only the tone, but also the texture of the subject. In this case, the lines are laid parallel and tightly to each other.

The figure shows graphs of functions of the form of complex mathematical formulas, which cannot be depicted without using special tools, without taking your hands off the sheet. This can only be done by applying short strokes to the image. But it is precisely from such simple lines, ovals or sinusoids that all visible objects consist.

When working with colored pencils, the same tools and technique are used as with simple graphite ones. The main difference is that the drawing is colored.

Felt-tip pens

These bright sticks with hard stems that leave a rich color on the sheet have recently appeared. Therefore, nothing is written about them in the old drawing textbooks. The lines applied with a felt-tip pen have an even greasy mark not only on the surface, but also on the back of the sheet of paper. Therefore, it is not suitable for painting large areas. It is used for highlighting, loose color shading.

Felt-tip pens are used when you need to create a drawing in the form of signs, inscriptions. It is suitable for drawing graphs, especially if you need to draw several lines on them that display different functions or calculation results.

Ink, ink

Fountain and ballpoint pens, which use ink and ink as a coloring pigment, are used not only in calligraphy, but also in drawing. In terms of their capabilities, they are not inferior to pencils, but they have some features. Ink and ink fall on paper or cardboard in even, uniform lines, regardless of the force of pressure. That is, the tone does not change. Therefore, they are rarely used when creating a photographic three-dimensional image. But they are suitable for such types of drawing as sketch and sketch.

To work with the tool, you can use any paper, even writing. The ink is applied easily without scratching the paper, which often happens when working with sharpsharpened hard pencil.

Sangina, coal

Sangina is a kind of clay. Sticks are made from it and fired. It has a red or brownish-brown color.

Charcoal gives black color. It is obtained by roasting birch or aspen twigs in a closed kiln. Pressed charcoal is made from simple charcoal.

Despite the fact that these are two different materials, the technique of execution and the types of drawing obtained with their help are the same. It is not uncommon for artists to use both materials on the same sheet of cardboard along with chalk. So that the image does not crumble, it is treated with special fixative adhesives. It is necessary to work with these materials carefully, since it will not be possible to erase the drawn. Even a nag will not help, and the eraser will simply smear everything into a muddy spot. See below for what a drawing made with charcoal or sanguine looks like.

Painting: tools, materials, technique

In painting, the main tool is a brush, and the materials used are watercolor, gouache, acrylic or oil paint. They are produced in sets of 3, 6, 9, 12 or more colors. To get the paint of the desired shade, they are mixed on the palette. A palette is a plastic or wooden board with notches and a finger hole. If there is no such item, then you can use a porcelain plate instead.

The image is applied to cardboard, drawing paper or canvas. When using oil paint, they are primed with special gypsum-based compounds.

Watercolor

This is a water based paint. Peculiarityof this artistic material is that it is almost transparent. Apply it to cardboard or paper with squirrel hair brushes. There are two techniques for working with watercolor: on a dry or wet paper sheet.

Even a small child who picks up a brush for the first time can work on dry cardboard or paper. An image is applied with a simple pencil. Usually, at this stage of work, such types of drawing as a sketch and a sketch are used. First paint the light areas, then the dark ones. This is done so that the colors do not mix. Errors are corrected by tracing the paper with a sponge or brush dipped in water.

Drawing on wet paper is much more difficult. Only an artist with extensive experience with watercolors can perform work in this technique. The figure shows the appearance of objects with stains of paint, an almost transparent play of light. To do this, the paint is applied in circles, gradually darkening the corresponding areas. White parts of objects are not painted over.

Gouache

To work with gouache paints, brushes with synthetic bristles are used. It lays down in an even opaque layer. It is applied to paper or cardboard. The technique of working with gouache is the same as when working with watercolor on dry paper, but with some peculiarities. Since it is opaque, a different color can be applied to the paint layer. Excess gouache in the picture, as well as mistakes made during the work, are eliminated with a scraper (the corner of the ruler will do) or a wet brush. Applied in a thick layer, itcracking when dry. If the excess is not removed, then after they can fall off.

Dried gouache in a jar is diluted with water to a creamy consistency. Since the paint quickly fades in the sun, wipes off, such paintings must be hung in places inaccessible to direct sunlight under glass.

Oil paint

Most of the paintings in the Hermitage and the Tretyakov Gallery are painted in oils. The advantage of oil paint is that it practically does not fade in the sun, but it dries for a long time. It can be applied both pointwise, when strokes of different colors are placed side by side, and in layers. Errors and (or) excess paint are removed with a palette knife. A palette knife is a special spatula. Sometimes it is used for applying paint. It gives an unusual artistic effect when it lays down in blocks.

Use not only thick, but also liquid oil paint. To thin it, add vegetable oil (sunflower, corn, linseed, etc.). Apply it in layers. This technique is called the glazing method. A vivid example of what a picture looks like, made in this way is “Moonlight Night on the Dnieper” by A. I. Kuindzhi. The moon seems to glow.

An oil painting takes about a year to dry. If the glazing method was used, then each layer dries up for about six months. The drying process can be accelerated by adding a solvent to the paint, such as turpentine or mineral spirits. Then the paint will dry out in 2-3 days, and the surfacethe picture will become matte. To prevent the surface from cracking during drying, it is covered with damp rags.

Acrylic paints

Acrylic paints are a modern art material. With their help, artists create paintings that are close in their graphical parameters to photography, with the same clarity and brilliance. They dry quickly. When working with acrylics, the same techniques are used as when working with oils.

Artists, along with traditional materials, use modern, combine them. What types of drawings are obtained in this case, it is not always possible to determine and explain. For example, a watercolor still life, where the contours of objects are highlighted with a felt-tip pen. What art material was used to paint the picture? What kind of drawings can it be attributed to? But it is not so important how and with what to draw, the main thing is that drawing brings pleasure not only to the artist, but also to the audience.