Types of perspective in fine arts. Methods for obtaining a perspective image

2024 Author: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-17 05:25

Perspective is a method of depicting objects on a certain plane, taking into account visual reductions in their magnitudes, as well as changes in boundaries, shapes and other relationships that are seen in nature. Thus, this is a distortion of the proportions of bodies in their visual perception. However, there are many types of perspective in the visual arts, designed according to different points of view of the world and space.

History

This technique originated during the Renaissance, when the realistic direction reached its peak. During the heyday of art, people faced new problems in painting and architecture, which required new solutions. The perspective helped to solve the problems facing the creators of that time. At first, people used a device with glass for a clearer understanding of perspective - it was easier to circle the correct image of objects on it in order to depict them on a plane in accordance with the lawsperspectives. Later, other devices appeared to facilitate this task - various pinhole cameras and various lenses for this purpose.

The familiar linear perspective appeared later. Interestingly, scientists note that initially the reverse perspective became clearer to a person. Pay attention to master classes in painting. What are they? Here, as a rule, linear and reverse perspective are illuminated, only casually affecting other views.

Views

Over the course of history, people have discovered new types of images in perspective. Some were later recognized as false, others only became stronger in their concepts, and still others merged into a new subspecies. In the visual arts, types of perspective are divided into several groups. It depends on their purpose. Currently withdrawn:

• straight linear perspective;
• reverse linear;
• panoramic;
• spherical;
• tonal;
• air;
• perceptual.

Each of the types of perspective in the visual arts is significantly different from each other both visually and in terms of meaning and purpose, so it deserves to be considered in more detail.

Direct perspective

This type is designed for a point of view with a single vanishing point on the horizon: that is, all objects decrease as the observer moves away from them. The idea of linear perspective was first expressed by Ambrogio Lorenzetti back in the 14th century. About this theorymention only in the Renaissance. Alberti, Brunelleschi and other researchers relied on the elementary laws of optics, which were easy to confirm in practice.

Direct perspective has long been considered the only true image of the world around on a flat surface. While linear perspective is essentially an image on a plane, it can be oriented both vertically and horizontally, or at an angle, according to the purpose of the image. For example, a vertical surface, as a rule, was used in easel painting or creating wall panels. The surface, located at an angle, was usually used when painting: for example, when painting interiors. In easel painting, on an inclined surface, artists built perspective images of large buildings. The perspective in the horizontal plane was used mainly when painting the ceilings.

In modern times, direct linear perspective prevails, mainly due to the special realism of the resulting pictures. And also because of the use of this projection in computer games. To this day, at master classes in painting, it is about direct perspective that is the first thing they talk about.

To obtain a projection similar to a real linear perspective in pictures, photographers resort to special photo lenses with a special focal length approximately equal to the diagonal of the desired frame. For even greater effect, they can use wide-angle lenses, which visually make the image bulge - so the perspective is sharpened even more. For the softening effect, on the contrary, long-focus lenses are used, which can equalize the difference in the sizes of nearby and distant objects.

Reverse perspective

This view was used in painting: in this technique, images appear to increase with distance from the point of view of the observer. The picture in this case will have several horizon lines and points of view. Thus, when creating a reverse linear perspective on a plane, the center of the vanishing lines is located not on the horizon line, but in the observer himself.

This type arose during the formation of medieval art, when such types of visual activity as icons and frescoes were especially popular. Such an image emphasized the religious theme, which was especially popular in the visual arts at that time. The reverse perspective emphasized the complete insignificance of the viewer in front of the divine image, elevating the latter not only visually with the help of perspective, but also with the use of other visual effects. This method creates a special thrill in the soul of the viewer, which was especially important during the Middle Ages, when the role of religion was given great importance, and art also did not bypass it.

Moreover, the reverse perspective during this period was noticed in various areas - both in the Byzantine countries and in Western Europe. Scientists explain this phenomenon by the fact that artists still clumsily displayed the world around them as the viewer saw it. This method was considered a false way, as well as perspective in general. ByAccording to the statement of the researcher P. A. Florensky, the reverse perspective is clearly justified mathematically: in fact, it is equal to the direct perspective, while creating a symbolic space facing the observer. This technique implies the connection of the observer with the world of symbolic and sometimes religious images. It helps to embody the supersensible content in a visible form, devoid, however, of material concreteness. L. F. Zhegin believed that the reverse perspective is the sum of the visual perceptions of the viewer transferred to any pictorial surface, which, thereby, becomes a “vanishing point”. According to him, this perspective cannot be the only true spatial system in painting. B. V. Raushenbakh also protested the opinion about the reverse perspective as the only correct one. Evidence was provided for this. He demonstrated that vision under certain conditions sees objects not in direct, but in reverse perspective. According to Zhegin, the phenomenon of the phenomenon is in the very human perception.

Panoramic perspective

This image is based on a cylindrical or spherical surface. The very concept of "panorama" has the meaning "I see everything", that is, according to the literal translation, panoramic perspective means the image on the plane of everything that the observer can see around him. When creating a drawing, the point of view will be on the axis of the cylinder. The horizon in this case will be on the line of the circle at the level of the viewer's gaze. Thus, ideally, when viewing panoramas, the viewershould stand in the center of the round room. There are also more planar images that do not require such a position of the picture, but nevertheless, each panoramic image somehow implies a display on the surface of the cylinder.

Usually this method of depicting space in a perspective perspective is used for drawings and photographs of cities or landscapes: this method covers the surrounding space as much as possible, making the image sharper, more interesting and spectacular.

Perspective in the sphere

Spherical perspective is a separate technique that is performed using a fisheye photographic lens. Such a lens distorts the image, making it visually more convex, elongated in a circle into a sphere. Due to the similarity of the resulting shots with a bulging and transparent fisheye, the lens and the effect itself got this name.

The spherical perspective differs from the panoramic one in that if with a panoramic image the image is located, as it were, on the inner surface of a sphere or cylinder, then with a spherical image the image goes along the outer surface of the sphere.

Such distortions are essentially easy to notice on any spherical mirror surfaces. The observer's gaze remains at the center of the reflection of the ball. When creating images of objects, all lines will connect at the main point or simply remain straight. The main vertical and horizontal lines will also be straight - the rest of the lines will be more and more distorted as they move away from the main point, gradually turning into a circle.

Perspective through tone

Tonal perspective - a concept from the field of monumental painting. This is such a change in the tone, color and contrast of the object that its characteristics tend to be muted when moving deeper into the depths. For the first time, the laws of this type of perspective were explained by Leonardo da Vinci. Human vision and perception are designed in such a way that nearby objects appear clearer and darker to people, while the most distant objects are the most obscure and pale. It is on this property of the perception of the surrounding world that the technique of tonal perspective is based. It is hard not to admit that such a representation of space really makes the drawing much more realistic and believable, although it does not correspond to real reality, as with any image of an object in perspective on a flat surface.

This method is not widespread, but it takes place in painting, and sometimes in graphics. Also, these laws of perspective are applied in photography to make the pictures more realistic and artistic. With a detailed tone, the photo looks more like a real image of the surrounding space.

Aerial perspective

It is characterized by the loss of clarity of the boundaries of objects with their distance from the point of view. The distant plan lowers the brightness - the depth of this seems much darker than the foreground. Aerial perspective is also considered tonal because it causes objects to change in tone. Firstthe patterns of this technique were explored in the writings of Leonardo da Vinci. He believed that objects in the distance seem doubtful, which means that they should be portrayed as unclear and vague, since the boundaries are not so noticeable at a distance. The inventor noted that the removal of an object from the viewer is also associated with a change in the color of this object. That is why objects that are closest to the observer should be written in their own colors, and objects that are far away should receive a blue tint. And the most distant objects - for example, mountains on the horizon - should actually merge with the surrounding space due to the large mass of air between the object and the viewer.

It turns out that much depends on the quality and purity of the air, and this is especially noticeable in fog or in the desert in windy weather, when fine sand flies into the air. In general, scientists explained this effect not only by "fogging" objects with air, but also based on the property of human perception of the surrounding space - both at the physical level and at the psychological level.

An alternative perspective

Scientist B. V. Raushenbakh pondered how people perceive depth, taking into account the binocularity of human vision, the mobility of the point of view and the permanence of forms in the human mind. As a result, he concluded: the nearest plan is perceived by people in the reverse perspective, while the shallow far one - in a complex axonometric perspective, and the most distant one - in the directlinear. This type, which combines all these types in the visual arts, he called perceptual perspective, thus suggesting not the only correct option, but their combination.

Ways to get perspective

In addition to many types, there are also several ways to obtain a perspective image on a plane. Geometric and photographic methods.

1. The geometric method involves a perspective image obtained by drawing rays to the points of the depicted object from any point in Euclidean space - from the so-called center of perspective. Perspective images of parallel lines intersect at vanishing points, and parallel planes - in the so-called vanishing lines.
2. The photographic method allows you to create images with a large viewing angle. Since there is no clear line between "panoramic" and "wide-angle" photography, the latter usually refers to the type of lens. The definition of a panorama includes the notion that the width of an image should be at least twice the height of the frame, but the modern concept of a panorama is much broader.

So, in this article, the concept, types of perspective in the visual arts and ways to obtain it were considered.