Lyric Fet. Features of poetry and philosophical lyrics Fet

2024 Author: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Last modified: 2023-12-17 05:25

November 23, 1820 in the village of Novoselki, located near Mtsensk, the great Russian poet Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet was born in the family of Caroline Charlotte Fet and Afanasy Neofitovich Shenshin. His parents got married without an Orthodox ceremony abroad (the poet's mother was a Lutheran), because of which the marriage, legalized in Germany, was declared invalid in Russia.

Deprivation of the title of nobility

Later, when the wedding was performed according to the Orthodox rite, Afanasy Afanasyevich already lived under his mother's surname - Fet, being considered her illegitimate child. The boy was deprived, in addition to his father's surname, and the title of nobility, Russian citizenship and inheritance rights. For a young man for many years, the most important life goal was to regain the Shenshin surname and all the rights associated with it. It was only in his old age that he was able to achieve this by regaining his hereditary nobility.

Training

The future poet in 1838 entered the boarding school of Professor Pogodin in Moscow, and in August of the same year he was enrolled in the verbal department at Moscow University. In the family of his classmate and friend ApolloGrigoriev, he lived his student years. The friendship of young people contributed to the formation of their common ideals and views on art.

First pen trials

Afanasy Afanasyevich begins to compose poetry, and in 1840 a poetic collection en titled "Lyrical Pantheon", published at his own expense, was published. In these poems, echoes of the poetic work of Yevgeny Baratynsky, Vasily Zhukovsky and Ivan Kozlov were clearly heard. Since 1842, Afanasy Afanasyevich has been constantly published in the journal Otechestvennye Zapiski. Already in 1843, Vissarion Grigoryevich Belinsky wrote that of all the poets living in Moscow, Fet was "the most talented", and puts this author's poems on a par with the works of Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov.

The need for a military career

Fet strove for literary activity with all his heart, but the instability of the material and social situation forced the poet to change his fate. Afanasy Afanasyevich in 1845 entered as a non-commissioned officer in one of the regiments located in the Kherson province in order to be able to receive hereditary nobility (the right to which was given by a senior officer rank). Cut off from the literary environment and the life of the capital, he almost ceases to be published, also because, due to the fall in demand for poetry, magazines do not show interest in his poems.

A tragic event in Fet's personal life

In the years of Kherson, a tragic event that predetermined the poet's personal life happened: his beloved, Maria Lazich, a girl, died in a firea dowry whom he did not dare to marry because of his poverty. After Fet's refusal, a strange incident happened to her: a candle caught fire on Maria's dress, she ran into the garden, but could not cope with putting out the clothes and suffocated in the smoke. This could be suspected of a girl's attempt to commit suicide, and in Fet's poems echoes of this tragedy will sound for a long time (for example, the poem "When you read the painful lines …", 1887).

Admission to LAbe Guards Lancers

In 1853, a sharp turn took place in the fate of the poet: he managed to enter the guard, in the Life Guards Ulansky regiment stationed near St. Petersburg. Now Afanasy Afanasyevich gets the opportunity to visit the capital, resumes his literary activity, begins to regularly publish poems in Sovremennik, Russkiy vestnik, Otechestvennye zapiski, and Library for Reading. He becomes close to Ivan Turgenev, Nikolai Nekrasov, Vasily Botkin, Alexander Druzhinin - the editors of Sovremennik. The name Fet, by that time already half-forgotten, reappears in reviews, articles, the chronicle of the magazine, and since 1854 his poems have been published. Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev became the poet's mentor and even prepared a new edition of his works in 1856.

The fate of the poet in 1856-1877

Fet was unlucky in his service: each time the rules for obtaining hereditary nobility were tightened. In 1856, he left the military career without having achieved his main goal. In Paris in 1857In the year Afanasy Afanasyevich married the daughter of a we althy merchant, Maria Petrovna Botkina, and acquired an estate in the Mtsensk district. At that time he wrote almost no poetry. Being a supporter of conservative views, Fet took a sharply negative view of the abolition of serfdom in Russia and, starting in 1862, began to regularly publish essays in the Russkiy Vestnik, denouncing the post-reform order from the position of a landowner-landowner. In 1867-1877 he served as a justice of the peace. In 1873, Afanasy Afanasyevich finally received hereditary nobility.

Fet's fate in the 1880s

The poet returned to literature only in the 1880s, having moved to Moscow and became rich. In 1881, his old dream was realized - he created a translation of his favorite philosopher, Arthur Schopenhauer, "The World as Will and Representation" that he created. In 1883, a translation of all the works of the poet Horace, begun by Fet in his student years, was published. The period from 1883 to 1891 includes the publication of four issues of the poetry collection "Evening Lights".

Lyrika Fet: general characteristics

The poetry of Afanasy Afanasyevich, romantic in its origins, is, as it were, a link between the work of Vasily Zhukovsky and Alexander Blok. The later poems of the poet gravitated towards the Tyutchev tradition. Fet's main lyrics are love and landscape.

In the 1950s-1960s, during the formation of Afanasy Afanasyevich as a poet, Nekrasov and his supporters almost completely dominated the literary environment - apologists for the singing of public,civic ideals of poetry. Therefore, Afanasy Afanasyevich with his work, one might say, spoke somewhat untimely. Features of Fet's lyrics did not allow him to join Nekrasov and his group. After all, according to representatives of civil poetry, poetry must necessarily be topical, performing a propaganda and ideological task.

Philosophical motives

Fet's philosophical lyrics permeate all his work, reflected in both landscape and love poetry. Although Afanasy Afanasyevich was even friends with many poets of the Nekrasov circle, he argued that art should not be interested in anything other than beauty. Only in love, nature and art itself (painting, music, sculpture) did he find everlasting harmony. Fet's philosophical lyrics sought to get as far away from reality as possible, contemplating beauty that was not involved in the hustle and bustle of everyday life. This led to the adoption of romantic philosophy by Afanasy Afanasyevich in the 1840s, and the so-called theory of pure art in the 1860s.

The prevailing mood in his works is intoxication with nature, beauty, art, memories, delight. These are the features of Fet's lyrics. Often the poet has the motive of flying away from the earth following the moonlight or enchanting music.

Metaphors and epithets

Everything that belongs to the sublime and beautiful category is endowed with wings, first of all, a love feeling and a song. Fet's lyrics often use such metaphors as "winged dream", "winged song", "wingedhour", "winged word sound", "winged with delight", etc.

Epithets in his works usually describe not the object itself, but the impression of the lyrical hero from what he saw. Therefore, they can be inexplicable logically and unexpected. For example, a violin might be labeled "melting". Fet's characteristic epithets are "dead dreams", "incense speeches", "silver dreams", "weeping herbs", "widowed azure", etc.

Often a picture is drawn with the help of visual associations. The poem "Singer" is a vivid example of this. It shows the desire to embody the sensations created by the melody of the song into specific images and sensations, of which Fet's lyrics consist.

These poems are very unusual. So, "the distance rings", and the smile of love "meekly shines", "the voice burns" and fades in the distance, like a "dawn beyond the sea", in order to splash pearls again with a "loud tide". At that time, Russian poetry did not know such complex bold images. They established themselves much later, only with the advent of the Symbolists.

Speaking of Fet's creative manner, they also mention impressionism, which is based on the direct fixation of the impressions of reality.

Nature in the poet's work

Fet's landscape lyrics are a source of divine beauty in eternal renewal and diversity. Many critics mentioned that nature was described by this author as if from the window of a landowner's estate or from the perspective of a park, as if on purpose.in order to be admired. Fet's landscape lyrics are a universal expression of the beauty of the world untouched by man.

For Afanasy Afanasyevich, nature is a part of his own "I", a background for his experiences and feelings, a source of inspiration. Fet's lyrics seem to blur the line between the outer and inner worlds. Therefore, human properties in his poems can be attributed to darkness, air, even color.

Very often, nature in Fet's lyrics is a night landscape, since it is at night, when the bustle of the day calms down, that it is easiest to enjoy the all-encompassing, indestructible beauty. At this time of day, the poet does not have glimpses of the chaos that fascinated and frightened Tyutchev. Majestic harmony, hidden by day, reigns. Not the wind and darkness, but the stars and the moon come first. By the stars, Fet reads the "fiery book" of eternity (the poem "Among the Stars").

The themes of Fet's lyrics are not limited to the description of nature. A special section of his work is poetry dedicated to love.

Fet's love lyrics

Love for a poet is a whole sea of feelings: both timid longing, and enjoyment of spiritual intimacy, and the apotheosis of passion, and the happiness of two souls. The poetic memory of this author knew no bounds, which allowed him to write poems dedicated to his first love even in his declining years, as if he was still under the impression of such a desired recent date.

Most often, the poet described the birth of feelings, his most enlightened, romantic and reverent moments: the first contact of hands,long glances, the first evening walk in the garden, contemplation of the beauty of nature that gives rise to spiritual intimacy. The lyrical hero says that no less than happiness itself, he cherishes the steps to it.

Fet's landscape and love lyrics are an inseparable unity. Heightened perception of nature is often caused by love experiences. A vivid example of this is the miniature "Whisper, timid breathing …" (1850). The fact that there are no verbs in the poem is not only an original technique, but also a whole philosophy. There is no action because in fact only one moment or a whole series of moments, motionless and self-sufficient, is described. The image of the beloved, described in detail, seems to dissolve in the general range of feelings of the poet. There is no complete portrait of the heroine here - it must be supplemented and recreated by the reader's imagination.

Love in Fet's lyrics is often complemented by other motives. So, in the poem "The night was shining. The garden was full of moon …" three feelings are united in a single impulse: admiration for music, intoxicating night and inspired singing, which develops into love for the singer. The whole soul of the poet dissolves in music and at the same time in the soul of the singing heroine, who is the living embodiment of this feeling.

This poem is difficult to classify unambiguously as love lyrics or poems about art. It would be more accurate to define it as a hymn to beauty, combining the liveliness of experience, its charm with deep philosophical overtones. This worldview is called aestheticism.

Afanasy Afanasyevich, flying away on the wings of inspiration beyondearthly existence, feels like a ruler, equal to the gods, overcoming the limitations of man with the power of his poetic genius.

Conclusion

The whole life and work of this poet is the search for beauty in love, nature, even death. Could he find her? This question can only be answered by someone who really understood the creative heritage of this author: he heard the music of his works, saw landscape paintings, felt the beauty of poetic lines and learned to find harmony in the world around him.

We examined the main motives of Fet's lyrics, the characteristic features of the work of this great writer. So, for example, like any poet, Afanasy Afanasyevich writes about the eternal theme of life and death. Neither death nor life frightens him equally ("Poems about death"). By physical death, the poet experiences only cold indifference, and Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet justifies earthly existence only by creative fire, commensurate in his view with "the whole universe." Both ancient motives (for example, "Diana"), and Christian ones ("Ave Maria", "Madonna") sound in verses.

More information about Fet's work can be found in school textbooks on Russian literature, in which the lyrics of Afanasy Afanasyevich are considered in some detail.